Neoliberal Globalization Essay

rave culture Essay -- essays research papers

Rave Culture What is a rave? Raving is a profoundly abstract encounter. One individual's best rave is someone else's most noticeably terrible. Any endeavor to dissect rave culture must perceive the exceptionally close to home factor of the experience. Creator Daniel Martin characterizes a rave as â€Å"a extensive stretch of consistent enthusiastic and expressive moving displayed by a huge gathering of individuals in a hot, swarmed office giving nonstop boisterous House music and a going with strobe lit hallucinogenic light show† . Since the start of this culture there has been a lot of contention on the legitimateness of what goes on in the scene. Through the history, music, individuals, otherworldliness we are acquainted with one of the most up to date things influencing mainstream society today. Rave culture can be followed back to Native American strict functions. It tends to be followed back to rebel unrests in Italy and France. It pulls vitality from a wide range of bearings. It had its beginnings in Chicago and Detroit disco clubs and gay move clubs. Britain and America exchanged melodic impacts to and fro during the late seventies-mid eighties until techno at long last began to be shaped. The genuine rave development, be that as it may, consolidating this new music with moving, happened in England. At nearly precisely the same time, raves fired springing up in Manchester and Ibiza, a prominent English excursion spot, in late 1987 and mid 1988. At this equivalent time, the rave wonder was grabbing hold in Germany, most quite in Berlin. The prominence of raves developed in the two nations, and soon the cozy throughout the night move parties were drawing a huge number of children. The first U.S. raves were held in San Francisco, since quite a while ago noted for its libera l and hallucinogenic culture. From here, they moved to Los Angeles and the rave scene was conceived in California. The rave scene that was conceived in America was one of complete wrongdoing. It started when Frankie Bones, a New York local and one of the U.S. DJ’s that was turning in England, saw that the scene was moving into America, and needed to carry it to his old neighborhood of Brooklyn. He began a progression of gatherings called Stormrave in mid 1992. The gatherings began little, 50-100 children, and Frankie depended on anticipating recordings of the gigantic raves in England to show kids what it was about. It was during this time of Stormraves that numerous DJ’s made their introductions. The music at a rave is techno, principally electronically made music that gener... ...rable and outsiders become individuals to be adored. It was an ideal fit with the glad family that the rave scene was attempting to make. There is an unmistakable vitality that accompanies moving to incredibly uproarious beats with several others. Raves are a mutual encounter. A feeling of solidarity regularly creates among ravers, in which, individual statements of faith, race, sex, age, sexual inclination and everything else that our general public places such a great amount of accentuation on essentially blurs away from plain sight. At a rave when everybody is moving you experience a sentiment of aggregate creature and I think individuals that have had this experience see the world distinctively a while later. Another expression generally tossed around aimlessly of ravers is that of PLUR, which represents Peace, Love, Unity and Respect. In numerous faculties, PLUR is the creed that ravers trust in. References: Jordan, Joel. Scanning for the Perfect Beat. New York: Watson-Giptil Publications, 2000. Martin, Daniel. â€Å"Power Play and Party Politics: The Significance of Raving.† Journal of Pesch, Martin. â€Å"Techno Style.† Zurich: Edition Olms, 1998. Redhead, Steve, ed. Rave Off: Politics and Deviance in Contemporary Youth Culture. Aldershot: Avebury, 1993.

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Critically Comment On Some Of The Various Forms Of Commitment To The Organization - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2492 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Critical essay Level High school Did you like this example? A key aspect of the management task is to secure employee commitment to the organisation. Critically comment on some of the various forms of commitment and outline the problems involved in gaining employee commitment to an organisation. Introduction Employee commitment is a crucial ‘work attitude (Morris et al, 1993:22). It has been defined in several similar ways to emphasise its behavioural and psychological moorings. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Critically Comment On Some Of The Various Forms Of Commitment To The Organization" essay for you Create order For instance: a stabilizing force that acts to maintain behavioural direction when expectancy/equity conditions are not met and do not function (Locke, 1976: 1298) and; â€Å" a psychological state that binds the individual to the organization (Allen Meyer, 1990:4). The level of commitment relates to several aspects such as satisfaction, turnover, cognitive resonance between different hierarchical levels, and performance on the job (Kreisman, 2002). The complexity in and importance of understanding employee commitment thus makes it a key feature of managerial task. This essay examines the body of knowledge from past research to reflect on such commitment and issues in harnessing it. Forms of Employee Commitment There has been extensive work in the area of dimensionality or typology of employee commitment (e.g. Vandenberg and Scapello, 1994; Williams and Hazer, 1986; Johnson and Yang 2010). This is drawn from, and has also in turn informed the understanding difficulties in gaining managerial commitment. Employees maybe committed for different reasons and thus different forms of commitment need to be contextualised. There is considerable overlap in the ‘architecture of forms posited by different writers as they have come to grips with this concept that is crucial for organisational performance (e.g. Bennett, 2000; Meyer et al., 2004). The three dimensional framework presented by Meyer and Allen (1997) and taken further the workplace model of Meyer and Herscovitch (2001), are central to most conceptualisations presented in extant research. The three dimensional framework posited the following as dimensions based on employee mind-sets: 1. Affective commitment: Is understoo d as the employees constructive emotional bonding to the organisation. Such an employee strongly associates himself/ herself with organisational goals and seeks to stay with the organisation because he/she wishes to do so. 2. Continuance commitment: Here the emotional quotient is largely moot and the employee perceives it to be very costly to lose organisational membership. This could be for a host of reasons right from financial costs of salary and benefits to social costs of ties and reputation. Such an employee stays with the organisation because he or she is tied in. 3. Normative commitment: There is an obligatory notion at play here. The employee feels to return the value commitments made in him/ her by the organisation. The loyalty aspect is strong- either due to individualised value perceptions that direct behaviour or due to social norms that apply to the context and relate with the environment the organisation belongs to. The fundamental basis of distinguishi ng between these is that they have very contrasting impacts on/ implications for behaviour (Meyer et al, 2004). This behaviour in turn has very important implications for the work environment and subsequent performance. Extant research indicates that affective commitment is strongly associated with not only job performance, but also with organisational citizenship, and often is a precursor to normative commitment. Continuance commitment is negatively associated with these aspects and usually needs to be moderated in favour of the other two forms of commitment (Johnson and Yang, 2010; Morris et al, 1993). This assertion also suggests that while all three forms of commitment are useful to operationalise they need to be scoped and balanced carefully. Employee commitment: The Pillars of Conceptualisation Another significant development in understanding employee commitment has been the approach to directing commitment towards specific targets or â€Å"foci†, that relate to employee behaviour at workplace (Johnson and Yang, 2010:230; Meyer et al, 2004:998). The theorisation in the area of employee commitment thus stands on two pillars- that of form and of focus. There is an arguably third pillar that is about the â€Å"bases of commitment† (Allen and Meyer, 1990: 3). These bases refer to factors that lead to development of the aforementioned forms of commitment. For instance, affective commitment can seem to be developed based on alignment of individual values with organisational values, and extent of personal involvement. On the other hand, normative commitment can be seen to be a function of social processes and cultural orientation that orients individuals towards reciprocation (Bennett, 2000). Continuous commitment which is a contrast to these two more constru ctive forms of commitment is a function of stakes that an employee builds in, or employee investment in a course of action (Meyer et al, 2004). The essence of conceptualisation around employee motivation is thus about variables of ‘form, ‘foci and of ‘bases. Recent work has tried to integrate commitment and motivation theories. This is to posit that there is a recursive and mutually enabling relationship between the two (Johnson and Yang, 2010). The contribution of this research has been to embed commitment as a subset of motivation and explain how â€Å"employees relationships with social foci influence behaviour relevant to the foci† (Meyer et al, 2004: 1003). Such integration provides for levers to augment commitment by providing variables such as goal choice, self-efficacy and goal directedness. It is particularly useful in developing the directional paradigm that is associated with commitment towards tasks or ‘foci (Johnson and Yang, 2010 ; Lawson and Price, 2003). Good Practice Prescriptions for Managers Such recent research has also followed up on Meyer et al, (2004) call for examining the motivation and commitment nexus to operationalise and deliver practice relevant levers for employee commitment. Johnson and Yang (2010) provide a perspective in this light by explicitly pinning down different motivations that influence the different forms of commitment. Their empirical analysis provides a model that can predict behavioural response to initiatives directed towards augmenting, reinforcing or balancing the different forms of motivations. Based on work that seeks to identify levers behind employee commitment the following practice relevant aspects can be identified for improving commitment (e.g. Vandenberghe et al, 2007). †¢ Clarity in communication about how organisational goals align with individual goals. This calls for the right-kind of â€Å"capacitated middle managers (Shibata et al, 1991). †¢ Building a legacy, and working on developing value based pr actices that see the organisation as a function of its members. †¢ Developing a trusting environment where communication is seen, heard and decisions are perceived as being fair. †¢ Building a community structure around work processes and across disciplinary areas- where people share and relate to their team and the broader organisational context. †¢ Enrich employee development on the job and through the job. This is by a reward and challenge environment -where developmental needs are encouraged to arise from the employees themselves Barriers to/Problems in achieving Employee Commitment The barriers or difficulties in eliciting employee commitment stem from several sources. The most cited one is that of organisational focus on achieving short term performance goals at the expense of long term employee development, and low investment in building shared vision and community like schemas (Breukelen, 1996). This barrier is manifested more specifically in the role description and performance assessment criteria of middle managers that are both highly measurable and short term oriented. The leadership role that the middle manager needs to play in aligning individual goals with the organisational goals is often on a back burner (Shibata et al, 1991; Locke, 1976). Another barrier that follows is the potentially low importance given to: internal signals about reputation; managements demonstration of concern for employees vis-à  -vis concern for performance and; willingness of top management to be inclusive of views and opinions of employees. Such signals directly affect employee perception of their position in the organisational scheme of things. In context of the forms of commitment discussed before this can be about: being an integral part of the organisation contributing to something they value; feeling gratitude for what the organisation has offered to them and/or being tied in only for the direct benefits they receive from what is they perceive as their best choice as an employer given the risks of disassociation (Lawson and price, 2003; Johnson and Yang, 2010). It is clear that poorly managed signals can lead to lower levels of commitment or a sub-optimal balance between favourable and less favourable forms of commitment. Still another difficulty relates to the right kind of employees and the right kind of mix of employees that is created overtime. Lack strategic thinking on recruitment policies to align with the requirements of the organisation as a social milieu and as an economic entity may also create a mismatch betwee n the organisation and its employees (Allen and Seinko, 1997). The organisational appeal to the employees for contribution and performance is usually leveraged on explicit or implied tangible outcomes for the employee. This is a barrier in itself as it leads to sub-optimal performance outcomes. Psychological attachment led on the job performance by employees improves overall organisational performance. This is because the employee feels to have shared the outcome in a more socio-cognitive manner by having a feeling of belongingness (Bennett, 2000; William and Hazer, 1986). This right kind of commitment is also compromised by a legacy of rewards to tangible outcomes and target achievement vis-à  -vis say good citizenship behaviour (Wright, 2001). Barriers to or difficulties in employee commitment are also contextual, and have been of particular interest in extant research with reference to management of change (Strebel, 1996)*). In the case of the turnaround undertaken a t Lufthansa in early 1990s research has identified the emphasis on communication and capacitated middle managerial roles as crucial to sustaining and garnering employee commitment during the turnaround. A similar emphasis on employee commitment was seen at Saatchi and Saatchi for regaining a focus on its creative businesses portfolio albeit with a drive on aspects to do with the right signalling mechanisms to create greater trust (Mintzberg et al., 1990) getting it had been seen at Saatchi and Saatchi but with an emphasis (Mintzberg et al, 2003)change. The difficulties identified in light of the above instances, because of which the relevant drivers of commitment were focussed upon, fall under what are identified as generic barriers to employee commitment in times of change. These are ‘disruptions to relationship; threat of statuses; the desire to retain status-quo and; ‘tangible benefits related adverse consequences (Bennett, 2000:127,128). Different forms of c ommitment are affected differently in times of change, and overall commitment and its impact on change itself is a function of existing levels and combination of the different forms. The nature of business and industry culture also influence such an impact. However, there is some consensus in research that the initial levels of commitment, if not overtly led by the form of ‘continuance commitment, tend to contribute affirmatively to change (Zell, 2001:78; Caldwell, 1990). Conclusions It has been clearly established that the different forms of commitment demand a balancing act by managers so that a right mix is arrived at. While ‘continuance commitment is one form that is not seen in very positively light- it is also a lever to be engaged when an organisation wants quick and organisation-wide uptake and sanction for initiatives. That affective and normative commitment should lead the mix is irrefutable. However, initial dispositions of the employees, the legacy of organisational human resource strategy, and the social and culture milieu influence and pre-ordain a lot of what can be done to influence such a mix (Caldwell, 1990). Garnering employee commitment is a process that requires time and conscious effort, and because it is not (usually) subjected to measurement, managerial roles and tasks oriented towards it suffer because of the â€Å"objectivity of performance parameters† that are set for managers (Allen and Meyer, 1990: 4). Advanc es in measurement of employee commitment, and in predictive models that provide a cause effect relationship to inform the highly socio-cognitive arena of employee commitment, have changed this scheme of things. A better interface with the field of motivation, task mandates (foci), and understanding of the bases behind forms has also matured in research. This has bridged the gap between theory and practice. Middle managers are becoming very central to employee commitment related initiatives. The ever important top management sanction for investment in time and resources towards employee commitment is also at an all-time high. This is particularly because of the present recessionary times where the pressures of change and adaptation have amplified the difficulties in and importance of harnessing and sustaining employee commitment. References Allen, N.J. Meyer, J.P. (1990). The measurement and antecedents of affective, continuance and normative commitment to the organization. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63: 1-8. Allen, P. Seinko, S. (1997). A comparison of contingent and core workers perceptions of their jobs characteristics and motivational properties. S.A.M. Advanced Management Journal, Summer 1997, 62 (3): 4-12 Bennett, H. (2000). The effects of organizational change on employee psychological attachment. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 15: 126-148. Breukelen, J.W.M. Van (1996). Organizational commitment in perspective. Gedrag en Organisatie, 9:145-166. Caldwell, D.F., Chatman, J.A. OReilly, C.A. (1990). Building organizational commitment: A multi-firm study. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63: 245-261. Johnson, R.E. Yang, Liu-Yang (2010). Commitment and Motivation at Work: The relevance of employee identity and regulatory focus. Academy of Management Review, 35(2): 226-245. Kre isman, B. (2002). Insights into Employee Retention, Commitment and Motivation [Online] Available at: https://www.insightsvancouver.com/PDFs/Employee%20Commitment-Retention%20White%20Paper%5B1%5D.pdf [Accessed 31 October 2010]. Lawson, E. Price, C. (2003). The Psychology of change management. McKinsey Quarterly, 2: 30-36. Locke, E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M, D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand-McNally, 1297-1349 Meyer, J.P. Herscovitch, L. (2001). Commitment in work-place: Towards a general model. Human Resource Management Review, 11:299-326. Meyer, J., Becker, T. Vandenberghe, C.(2004). Employees Commitment and Motivation: A Conceptual Analysis and Integrative Model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 89(6): 991-1007 Mintzberg, H., Ahlstrand, B. Lampel, J. (1998) Strategy Safari: A guided tour through the wilds of strategic management, The Free Press, New York, 1998, 234-321. Mo rris, M., Lydka, H. OCreevy, M.F. (1993). Can commitment be managed? A longitudinal analysis of employee commitment and human resource policies. Human Resource Management Journal, 3 (3): 21-29. Shibata, G. TSE. D., Vertinsky, I. Wehrung, D. (1991) Do norms of decision-making styles, organisational design and management affect performance of Japanese firms? An exploratory study of medium and large firms. Managerial and Decision Economics, 12(2): 135-146. Strebel, P. (1996). Why do employees resist change? Harvard Business Review, 74: 86-88. Sugarman, B. (2001). A learning-based approach to organizational change: Some results and guidelines. Organizational Dynamics, 30: 62-77. Vandenberg, R. J. Scarpello, V. (1994). A longitudinal assessment of the determinant relationship between employee commitments to the occupation and the organization. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15: 535-547. Vanderberghe, C., Bentein, K., Michan, R., Checat, J., Tremblay, M. Fils, J. (2007). An examination of the perceived support and employee commitment in an employee-customer encounters. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92: 1177-1187. Williams, L. J. Hazer, J. T. (1986). Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A re-analysis using latent variable structural equations models. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 219-231. Wright, B. (2001). Public-Sector Work Motivation: A Review of the Current Literature and a Revised Conceptual Model. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 11 :(4). Zell, D. (2001). Overcoming barriers to work innovations: lessons learned at Hewlett-Packard. Organizational Dynamics, 30: 77-87.

Essay on Gun Control is NOT the Solution - 967 Words

Arguments against Gun Control The development of arguments surrounding gun control corresponds to the increased violence and problems related to weapons and firearms use. This then prompted the expansion of gun control initiatives and has shapes public opinion particularly in the promotion of increased regulation to banning. Due to this, it became controversial as it split the opinions of the citizenry particularly in their stance to advance different objectives. Arguably, the process of developing gun control remains to be detrimental due to its capacity to challenge individual rights and liberty, undermine the value of guns and firearms in the promotion of deterrence and self-defense and inability to recognize the commitment of†¦show more content†¦People who own guns have the means to protect themselves to criminal activities and also safeguard their lives. â€Å"Crimes are often prevented by the deterrent effect of the possibility of victim gun possession† (Balan ced Politics.org 1).Arguably, the same analogy applies to law enforcement people who carry firearms. People do not necessarily try to hurt them because they have the means to defend themselves. Arguably, this approach is a way to promote deterrence because it hinders an individual from committing a specific deviant act. Equally, gun control also limits strategies for people to promote self-defense. Arguably, guns and/or firearms can be a good instrument in creating protection. Here, people find ways to escape trouble because they have the necessary means to create apprehension from people. Related to this, the citizenry would also have a means to respond to threats by criminals. However, by creating gun control, the restrictions bring forward limitations for safety and protection. In essence, the advancement of gun control allows people to feel powerless in facing threats or create insecurity in the environment because they don’t have the necessary means to assure or protect their life. Gun Management Initiatives Lastly, the development of gun control initiatives also undermines the recent approaches taken by gun owners and sellers to remain proactive and responsive to the needs of its members.Show MoreRelatedDemystifying Six Sigma - a Company-Wide Approach to Continuous Improvement22857 Words   |  92 PagesAlan. Six sigma demystified : a company-wide approach to continuous improvement / Alan Larson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 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Which character is at the 5th index in the String â€Å"Herman Munster†. n Answers 3-5 Project†¦ Name That Celebrity, Key public class Tester { public static void main(String args[]) { String s1 = Allan Alda; String s2 = John Wayne; String s3 = Gregory Peck; int len = s1.length( ); String s = s1.substring(2, len - 3);Read MoreIgbo Dictionary129408 Words   |  518 PagesonaryDictionary of Ònà ¬Ã¯â‚¬ ¬chà   Igbo 2nd edition of the Igbo dictionary, Kay Williamson, Ethiope Press, 1972. Kay Williamson († ) This version prepared and edited by Roger Blench Roger Blench Mallam Dendo 8, Guest Road Cambridge CB1 2AL United Kingdom Voice/ Fax. 0044-(0)1223-560687 Mobile worldwide (00-44)-(0)7967-696804 E-mail R.Blench@odi.org.uk http://www.rogerblench.info/RBOP.htm To whom all correspondence should be addressed. This printout: November 16, 2006 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abbreviations:

Essay on the Holy Prophet Free Essays

A prophet means a messenger of God to mankind. The mission of a prophet’s life is to spread the Word of God. The total number of such prophets is one lac and twenty four thousand. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on the Holy Prophet or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Prophet of Islam (Peace be upon him) was the last messenger of God to the whole world. The Holy Prophet was born in Arabia‘ in 571 A. D. He was named Muhammad (Peace be upon him). The Arabs were a race of wild tribes. They led a cruel life. They burried their newly-born daughters alive. They ill-treated women, orphans and slaves. They worshipped Idols. They were addicted to wine, adultery gambling, and bloody quarrels. The Holy Prophet was sent by God to set these bad people right. He hated their cruel ways. He worked hard to reform them. He changed their habits and manners by his own shinning example. He taught them to speak the truth, to showed, mercy to the poor and the sufferers to respect women and to be kind to children. At the age of forty, Muhammad (Peace be upon him) had revelations. By dint of this high character, nobility of mind, his truthfulness and broad humanity he gained some disciples. He began his great missionary work and started preaching the gospel of God. His followers grew from day to day. The Holy Prophet was called Sadiq (Truthful) and Ameen (Trustee) even by his enemies because of his honesty and straight-forwardness. The Prophet married a widow Khadija by name who embraced Islam and stood by the Holy Prophet throughout her life. The old idol-worshippers tried their best to harm and tease him. They wanted even to kill him. The Prophet fled to Madina in the company of Hazrat Abu Bakar, This day of exodus marks the dawn of the Islamic Hijra (Exodus). Madina became the centre of the Islamic activity of the Prophet. He gained many followers there. He mobilised them into a small army. He challenged several hundred of thousands of his enemies with the help of that small band and inflicted defeat after defeat upon them. At Iast the Holy Prophet entered Makkah as a victor. He showed grace and mercy to all the Makkans and proclaimed general amnesty. Thus he set a shining example of humanity and high mindedness before the world. The Prophet taught his followers a simple code of life. He wanted them to live peacefuly, serve others, speak the truth and help the needy. His life is a living source of inspirations to the world. Lives of great men all remind us. We can make our lives subime. And departing leave behind us. Footprints on the sands of time. No life – history of any man has such an inspiring record of the day-to-day events as the simple but stirring story of the Holy Prophet Muhammad (Peace be upon him). How to cite Essay on the Holy Prophet, Essays

Rhbill free essay sample

Health Bill, informally known as the  RH Bill, are  proposed laws  in theRepublic of the Philippines  aiming to guarantee universal access to methods oncontraception,  abortion, fertility control,  sexual education, and maternal care. [1] There are presently two bills with the same intended goals: House  Bill # 4244   An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Policy on Responsible Parenthood, Reproductive Health, and Population and Development, and For Other Purposes * Senate  Bill # 2378   An Act Providing For a National Policy on Reproductive Health and Population and Development While there is general agreement about its provisions on maternal and child health, there is great debate on its key proposal that the Philippine government and the private sector will fund and undertake widespread distribution of family planning devices such as  condoms,birth control pills  (BCPs) and  IUDs, as the government continues to disseminate information on their use through a ll health care centers. On October 2012, a revised version of the same bill was presently re-named to  Responsible Parenthood Act  and was filed in the  House of Representatives  as a result of re-introducing the bill under a different impression after overwhelming opposition in the country, especially from the  Catholic Bishops Conference of the Philippines[2][3]. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhbill or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The bill is highly divisive, with experts, academics, religious institutions, and major political figures supporting and opposing it, often criticizing the government and each other in the process. Debates and rallies proposing and opposing the bills, with tens of thousands of opposition particularly those endorsed by the  bishops  of the  Roman Catholic Church  and various other conservative groups, have been happening nationwide. Stated purpose One of the main concerns of the bill, according to the Explanatory Note, is that the population of the Philippines makes it â€Å"the 12th most populous nation in the world today†, that the Filipino women’s fertility rate is â€Å"at the upper bracket of 206 countries. † It states that studies and surveys â€Å"show that the Filipinos are responsive to having smaller-sized families through free choice of family planning methods. † It also refers to studies which â€Å"show that rapid population growth exacerbates poverty while poverty spawns rapid population growth. † And so it aims for improved quality of life through a â€Å"consistent and coherent national population policy. [4] As policy it states that the State guarantees universal access to medically-safe, legal, affordable, effective and quality reproductive health care services, methods, devices, supplies and relevant information and education thereon even as it prioritizes the needs of wom en and children, among other underprivileged sectors. Edcel Lagman, principal author of the reproductive health bill, and printed in this section on Aug. 3. Lagman? s first article highlighted the main features of the measure, while his second noted the campaign to discredit it. He claimed that the bill was not anti-life and that it would not interfere with family life, legalize abortion, promote contraceptive mentality and impose a two-child policy. Lagman also claimed that Humanae Vitae was not an infallible doctrine. Besides the articles of the head of the Legal Office of the Catholic Bishops? Conference of the Philippines and of a former senator, Talk of the Town received responses from Catholic groups and individuals countering Lagman? s views. The responses came from Fr. Virgilio Delfin of the Diocese of Malaybalay, Pet Palma Dureza of Quezon City, Maria Concepcion S. Noche of the Alliance for the Family Foundation Philippines, Jose Fernandez of the Family Life Apostolate of St. John the Baptist Parish in Taytay, Rizal, and Minyong Ordonez, a retired chair of the Paris-based Publicis Communications Group. Talk of the Town also received an e-mail from Felix Libreto, a professor at the UP Open University, and a position paper of 26 economists from the University of the Philippines supporting the bill. Because of limited space, this section cannot print all the reactions to Lagman? s articles. * * * Reckless and irresponsible By Jo Imbong REP. EDCEL LAGMAN, THE PRINCIPAL AUTHOR OF THE proposed Reproductive Health and Population Development Act of 2008 asserts, among others, that the bill is neither antilife nor antifamily, that contraceptives are not life-threatening and that the bill does not impose a two-child policy. Prolife? To value human life is to respect and protect life in all its seasons. ?Human life begins at fertilization.? (Records of the Constitutional Commission, Vol. IV, Sept. 18, 1986, pp. 761, 801) hence, ? the State shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception.? (Constitution, Article II, Section 12). Lagman said in a House hearing that the bill would protect human life ? from implantation.? By that token, the zygote not yet in the mother? s womb is not protected. Pills and the IUD hinder implantation of the embryo in the uterus, thereby precipitating the embryo? s destruction. That is abortion. And yet, ? every child needs appropriate legal protection before as well as after birth (UN Convention on the Rights of the Child). Not life-threatening? Records are rife of perforation of the uterus and serious pelvic infections in women with IUDs that public midwives have refused to extract. The Mayo Foundation found that oral contraceptives are associated with an increase risk of breast cancer. DepoProvera increases a woman? s risk for chlamydia and gonorrhea. Oral contraceptives containing cyproterone increase risk of deep venous blood clots. Levonorgestrel is banned in this country as the Bureau of Food and Drugs found it to be abortifacient. Life-threatening ectopic pregnancies occur in mothers long after undergoing tubal ligation, particularly those sterilized before age 30. Contraceptives as essential medicines? Contraceptives do not treat any medical condition. Fertility is not a disease. It attests to health! The bill targets ? the poor, needy and marginalized.? This is most unkind to them whose real needs are jobs, skills, education, lucrative opportunities, nutrition, and essential medicines for anemia, tuberculosis, infections and childhood diseases. Remember, every citizen has the right to health (Art. II, Sec. 15), hence, the State has a duty to protect the citizens against dangerous substances (Constitution, Art. XVI, Sec. 9), and protect women in their maternal function (Art. XIII,Sec. 4). Family friendly? The ? encouragement? to have two children is manipulation both brazen and subtle. It can set the stage for a stronger application of the recommendation through legislative amendments. Spouses have a basic, o riginal, intrinsic and inviolable right ? to found a family in accordance with their religious convictions and the demands of responsible parenthood? (Art. XV, Sec. 3 [1]). This includes their right to progeny. The bill mocks parents with fine and imprisonment in refusing to expose their children to mandatory ? age-appropriate? reproductive health education starting Grade 5 outside the loving confines of home and family. Vulnerable and malleable, our children will be taught ? adolescent reproductive health? and ? the full range of information on family planning methods, services and facilities? for six years. This is child abuse of the highest order. And yet, ? every child has the right to be brought up in an atmosphere of morality and rectitude for the enrichment and strengthening of his character.? (Child and Youth Welfare Code) The care and nurtur[ance] of the child reside first in the parents (Article II, Sec. 12, Constitution), whose primary function and freedom include preparation for obligations the state can neither supply nor hinder. (Brantley v. Surles, 718 F. 2d. 354,1358-59) The State did not create the family, and ? the child is not a creature of the State.? (Pierce vs. Society of Sisters, 268, U. S. 510, 535. ) That is the law of nature, and no human institution has authority to amend it. Quality of life? The bill wants to ? uplift the quality of life of the people.? Population control started in 1976 ? to increase the share of each Filipino in the fruits of economic progress.? In other words to eliminate poverty. Has it? The General Appropriations Act of 2008 earmarks an enormous amount for ? family planning and reproductive health services,? including contraceptives. For the Department of Health it is P3. 19 billion; for Popcom P386. million, quite apart from funds for other agencies of government and local government units for the same programs. Add $2. 4 million from the United Nations Population Fund for population and development and reproductive health for 2008, plus $2. 2 million for 2009. Today? s average family has three children compared with seven in the ? 70s. But the billions of pesos spent have not reduced poverty or benefited the poor. If Congress passes this bill, it wagers the future of the country. Citizens have a right to resist misplaced and irresponsible exercise of authority because the good of the people is the supreme law. Salus populi est suprema lex. The path of irresponsible legislation is a dreadful path: If an act is made legal, it will be perceived as moral. If an act is perceived as moral, it will become a norm. If it is observed by all as a norm, then it is too late. By then, you will have changed the culture. That is not simply reckless. It is the ultimate breach of public trust. (Jo Imbong, a lawyer, is the executive secretary of the Legal office of the Catholic Bishops? Conference of the Philippines and consultant to the CBCP Episcoal Commission on Family and Life. ) * * * No place for the RH bill in our law By Francisco S. Tatad THE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH bill in the House of Representatives is being presented as a health bill and an antipoverty bill at the same time. It is neither. It is not what its authors say it is; it is everything they say it is not. It is an ideological attack on human life, the family, and our social and cultural values. The bill rests on a flawed premise; it is unnecessary, unconstitutional, oppressive of religious belief and destructive of public morals and family values. Its enactment into law will only deepen the already frightening ignorance about the real issues. It should be rejected. 1. Flawed premise Our population growth rate (National Statistics Office) is 2. 04 percent, total fertility rate (TFR) is 3. 02. The CIA World Factbook has lower figures growth rate, 1. 728 percent; TFR, 3. 00. Our population density is 277 per square km. GDP per capita (PPP) is $3,400. Fifty other countries have a much lower density, yet their per capita is also much lower. Thirty-six countries are more densely populated, yet their GDP per capita is also much higher. Are the few then always richer, the many always poorer? Not at all. Our median age is 23 years. In 139 other countries it is as high as 45. 5 years (Monaco). This means a Filipino has more productive years ahead of him than his counterpart in the rich countries where the graying and dying population is no longer being replaced because of negative birth rates. Our long-term future is bright, because of a vibrant and dynamic population. 2. Unnecessary Women who say they should be free to contracept (regardless of what the moral law or science says) are not being prevented from doing so, as witness the 50-percent contraceptive prevalence rate. It is a free market. But as we are not a welfare state, taxpayers have no duty to provide the contraceptives to try and cure pregnancy, which is not a disease. The State? s duty is to protect women from real diseases. At least 80 women die every day from heart diseases, 63 from vascular diseases, 51 from cancer, 45 from pneumonia, 23 from tuberculosis, 22 from diabetes; 16 from lower chronic respiratory diseases. Why are our lawmakers not demanding free medicines and services for all those afflicted? Indeed, maternal death could be brought down to zero just by providing adequate basic and emergency obstetrics-care facilities and skilled medical services to women. The local officials of Gattaran, Cagayan and Sorsogon City have shown this. Why do our lawmakers insist on stuffing our women with contraceptives and abortifacients instead? In 2005, the cancer research arm of the World Health Organization concluded that oral contraceptives cause breast, liver and cervical cancer. Shouldn? t our lawmakers demand that contraceptives be banned or at least labeled as ? cancer-causing,? or ? dangerous to women? s health Why do they want them classified as ? essential medicines? instead? 3. Unconstitutional a. ) The Philippines is a democratic and republican State. Yet the bill seems to assume we are a centrally planned economy or a totalitarian State, which controls the private lives of its citizens. Truth is, there are certain activities of man as man where the individual is completely autonomous from the State. Just as the State may not tell a politician or a journalist how or when to think, write or speak, it may not enter the bedroom and tell married couples how or when to practice marital love. b. ) Article II, Section 12 of the Constitution says: ? The State recognizes the sanctity of family life and shall protect and strengthen the family as a basic autonomous social institution. It shall equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception. The natural and primary right and duty of parents in the rearing of the youth for civic efficiency and the development of moral character shall receive the support of the Government.? The use of ? sanctity? makes State obedience to God? s laws not only a solemn teaching of the Church, but also an express constitutional mandate. Now, when the State binds itself to ? equally protect the life of the mother and the life of the unborn from conception,? it necessarily binds itself not to do anything to prevent even one married woman from conceiving. A state-funded contraceptive program is an abomination. 4. Oppressive of religious belief The bill seeks to tell the Catholic majority not to listen to the Church and to listen to anti-Catholic politicians instead. It seeks to establish a program which Catholic taxpayers will fund in order to attack a doctrine of their faith. Is there a worse despotism? Would the same people do the same thing to the followers of Islam or some politically active religious pressure group? The pro-RH lobby claims surveys have shown that most Catholic women want to use contraception, regardless of what the Church says about it. It is a desperate attempt to show that right or wrong can now be reduced to what you like or dislike. The truth is never the result of surveys. Contraception is wrong not because the Church has banned it; the Church has banned it because it is wrong. No amount of surveys can change that. 5. Destructive of public morals The bill seeks to impose a hedonistic sex-oriented lifestyle that aims to reduce the conjugal act to a mere exchange of physical sensations between two individuals and marriage to a purely contraceptive partnership. Not only is it hedonistic, it is above all eugenicist. It seeks to eliminate the poor and the ? socially unfit.? While it neither mandates a two-child family nor legalizes abortion, it prepares the ground for both. In 1974, the US National Security Study Memorandum 200, titled ? Implications of Worldwide Population Growth for US Security and Overseas Interests,? launched the two-child family as a global population policy to be achieved by 2000. But ? no country has reduced its population growth without resorting to abortion,? said that document. Now you know what? s next, and where it? s all coming from. MANILA, Philippines—Hundreds of people, some arriving in private vehicles and others on foot, gathered outside the Edsa Shrine at a usually suburban Manila intersection Saturday for what church leaders had described as a massive prayer rally to show Congress most Filipinos were against the reproductive health bill pending in legislature for years. Many of the faithful, who braved intermittent rains and occasional winds, stood under umbrellas as they waited for the rally to get underway. Bishop Gabriel Reyes, chair of the Episcopal Commission on Family and Life of the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines, was spotted in the area. So was Father Melvin Castro, the commission’s executive secretary. Maribel Descallar, operations director of the commission, said the program was to start at 1:00 p. m. Senior Superintendent Antonio Gumiran, deputy district director for operations, told the Inquirer they expected a crowd of at least 3,000 people. Organizers said Friday they were expecting up to 50,000 people at the rally. Gumiran refused to say how many policemen were deployed in the area but only a few were visible to an inquirer reporter toward noon Saturday. The Catholic Church has started to bring out the big guns in its campaign against the reproductive health (RH) bill. Manila Archbishop Luis Antonio Tagle on Thursday issued a circular urging the faithful to converge at the Edsa Shrine on Saturday for a Mass and rally against the bill. â€Å"Relying on the power of prayer and the necessity of informed awareness, we will gather together to be informed, enlightened and emboldened once more. We also wish to express why we believe the reproductive health bill is not the solution to our many problems as individuals and as a country as it will even give rise to many other problems more pernicious and pervasive than the ones we face in the present,† Tagle said. I enjoin all parish priests and leaders of communities and lay movements to rally their members and endorse participation in this important gathering aimed at communicating a strong and sincere appeal to the goodwill of our legislators,† Tagle said in his letter. The pray er rally will be a show of force for the Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) after President Benigno Aquino in his State of the Nation Address (Sona) last week urged the swift passage of the bill, which would provide universal access and information on natural and modern family methods and reduce the number of mothers and babies dying during childbirth. On August 7, the House will vote on whether to wrap up debate and move the bill forward. CBCP officials said they would have a vigil at the House on the eve of the vote and that mass actions would also be held in other dioceses. Time for a vote President Aquino said Thursday it was time to put the bill to a vote. â€Å"I hope that the point when we need to vote comes. Otherwise, Congress may have already adjourned and we’re still in the period of debate; so we won’t know what the people want. Perhaps the debate should be wrapped up, and we should make a decision on this so-called responsible parenthood bill once and for all,† Mr. Aquino told reporters in an ambush interview. On the anti-RH rally, Mr. Aquino said: â€Å"We’re all prolife, aren’t we? We want an improved quality of life for our countrymen. So that is their right and I’m sure they will not endeavor to do anything against the law. So we will secure this rally if it pushes through. Malacanang on Thursday also shrugged off an announcement that former President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo, who is now a Pampanga representative, will vote against the measure and that seven of her allies had withdrawn sponsorship of the measure. Communications Secretary Ricky Carandang said that Arroyo and Catholic bishops have been vocal about their opposition to the bill. He said the Church’s invitation to her to join the anti-RH rally should not be given political meaning. Arroyo was freed last week from eight months of hospital arrest after posting bail on election sabotage charges against her. â€Å"I would not want to speak on behalf of the bishops about whether or not this is leading to some kind of support for the former President. This is a measure that should not be viewed in stark political terms because it actually got societal implications,† he said in a briefing. Not Aquino-Arroyo showdown A vote on the bill should not be seen as a showdown between Mr. Aquino, the bill’s chief campaigner, and Arroyo, Carandang said. â€Å"It’s an important measure and we’re not viewing it in terms of partisan politics. It’s something that we feel is long overdue. It needs to be done, and we’re doing it in that context. I understand that there are observers who are viewing this (showdown) in that way, but we’re simply looking at it right now as a measure that has oppositors, that needs to go through the process and we’ll leave it at that,† he said. Carandang said Malacanang respected the withdrawal of support by some lawmakers, but did not view the entire anti-RH bill campaign as â€Å"Arroyo’s effort. † â€Å"We respect the democratic space in which the debate is being undertaken. At the same time, we hope that our friends in Congress will see the wisdom of this measure,† he added. While Catholic bishops have counted 140 lawmakers as opposed to the measure based on survey and public consultations, Carandang said it was too early to tell whether the administration had the numbers to defeat them. â€Å"You can never tell until the vote is there. But we are confident that we have support,† he said. â€Å"We’re hoping that those of us who are on the administration’s side will continue to support this effort. †