Structural Family Therapy Family Structure - 1214 Words

Structural Family Therapy considers family as a unit which grows and evolves with the passage of time and goes on to form culture and community (â€Å"What Is Structural Family Therapy and How It Works | New Health Advisor,† n.d.). Structural Family Therapy is based on three main principles. The first is family structure, the interactions among different families vary depending on inherent family rules. Each family member adjusts their behavior in accordance to the rules to make sure that the family system operates without issues. Family structure is based on family members repeated interactions which can enhance expectations and establish lasting patterns. You can get a general idea about the family structure by observing the way families interact and communicate (â€Å"What Is Structural Family Therapy and How It Works | New Health Advisor,† n.d.). The second is family subsystems. A family contains many subsystems that perform different tasks according to the family s requirements. Family subsystems can be based on role functions, gender, age group and common interests. Problems can arise if one of the subsystems starts to take the role and place of another subsystem (â€Å"What Is Structural Fami ly Therapy and How It Works | New Health Advisor,† n.d.). The third is boundaries, which are barricades through which different members and subgroups within a family system can communicate with each other. The boundaries in a family system can be clear, rigid or diffused. A clearShow MoreRelatedStructural Analysis : Structural Family Therapy1359 Words   |  6 PagesStructural family therapy was developed by Salvador Minuchin throughout the 1960’s and was focused on systemic ways of conceptualizing family dilemmas. Structural therapy began through the work of Minuchin while he was working with families of low socioeconomic status’. He first began working with delinquent children, and realized that he must begin seeing entire family units. Since then, he has always remained committed to treating these minority families. Minuchin believed that families were organizedRead MoreStructural Family Therapy : An Evidence Based Therapy1226 Words   |  5 PagesStructura l family therapy is associated with the work of Salvador Minuchin and is an evidence based therapy influenced by brief strategic and eco-systemic structural family therapy (Gerhart, 2014). Structural family therapists are active in the counseling sessions and will want to have all of the members of the family participate in the counseling sessions. The therapist is then able to map family structures in order to resolve relation problems between family members. The therapist will then makeRead MoreMultiple Therapeutic Models of a Family1285 Words   |  5 PagesMultiple Therapeutic Models of a Family Name Institutional Affiliation Date: Multiple Therapeutic Models of a Family The main components of structural therapy Structural therapy is a family treatment model founded on the frameworks of systems theory. The distinctive component of this model is the emphasis it has placed on structural adjustments as the primary objective of the therapy session. This emphasis is prominent over details of adjustments in individual behaviors. This model is distinctiveRead MoreStructural Family Theory Literature Rev Essays1019 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Structural Family Theory Literature Review Structural family theory is a technique employed by social scientists that offers perspectives and tactics that strengthen and examine the familial unit (Walsh, 2014). Developed by Salvador Minuchin, structural family theory looks at the unspoken rules within a family and how they affect the organization of the unit. It is the job of the social worker to accurately identify the patterns, presented rules, and their effect on theRead MoreStrengths And Weaknesses Of Structural Family Therapy1202 Words   |  5 PagesStructural Family Therapy (SFT) is an approach used in family therapy settings. In every family there are both strengths and weaknesses in how the family functions, this type of therapy focuses on the ability of families to move forward any dysfunctional issues they can encounter. In every family there has to be structure, a way of doing things, who is in charge and yet still be able to adapt to change when it is necessary or problems begin to occur, in order to repair an d alter issues of dysfunctionRead MoreThe History Of Structural Family Therapy ( Colapinto, 1982 ) Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pages Salvador Minuchin, born and raised in Argentina, is known as the founder of structural family therapy (Colapinto, 1982). Before creating what would be known as his most lasting contribution, Minuchin spent years paving his way to his success. Traveling back and forth from Israel to the United States, Minuchin finally settled down in the year 1954 where he began training in psychoanalysis at the William Alanson White Institute in the United States (Nichols, 2014). Following the White Institute, MinuchinRead MoreFamily Systems, Structural, And Strategic Model Theory Application1336 Words   |  6 PagesBowen Family Systems, Structural, Strategic Model Theory Application Michelle Redaja Grand Canyon University-UNV-500 September 28, 2016 According to Ana s case the best approach between the Bowen Family Systems, Structural, or Strategic Model Theory would best have an advantage for Ana is the Structural theory. The Structural theory main focus is to engage in psychotherapy to help individuals feel differently be able to change their thinking and behavior. This treatment canRead MoreFamily Systems Therapy And Structural Family Therapy1457 Words   |  6 Pageswith the welfare of families and their functioning. When dysfunction is present, families often seek guidance through family therapy, which has become a strengths-based approach to intervention that emphasizes families’ resiliency and capacity to solve their problems. Within family practice, practitioners implement diverse theoretical approaches and practice models, which function as a foundation for family assessment and intervention methods. This paper seeks to explicate two family intervention modelsRead MoreThe Structural Family Therapy Mo del1297 Words   |  6 PagesThere are many reasons why families seek help for issues they cannot solve on their own. In the movie Jenny’s wedding the members in the family system could have learned better ways to handle the news that Jenny wanted to marry another woman. Structural family therapy looks at the organization of the family, such as the subsystems, boundaries, and the hierarchies between the system members. By using the structural family therapy model I will break down the problems that are presented and give a treatmentRead MoreEssay about Models of Family Therapy1315 Words   |  6 Pagesbehavior. The theory views family as an emotional unit, and uses systems theory to describe interactions within the family. Bowen believed that humans are dependent and reactive to others. Family members may feel distant or disconnected from each other; this is not a fact, but merely a feeling. Family members profoundly affect each other’s feelings, actions, and tho ughts, no matter how distant they may be feeling (Bowen Center, n.d.). Bowen describes the family as a multigenerational network

A Transparent World Government Involvement in Citizen...

In the interconnected global community we live in today, there is much controversy over the appropriate level of government involvement in citizen affairs. As of late, government agencies like the United States’ National Security Agency (NSA) and Great Britain’s Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ), among others, have been monitoring the phone records and internet activity of people in every corner of the world (Eaton). These governments believe that in order to maintain a safe environment for citizens at home, they must have access to this information. However, many claim that by accessing this information, the government agencies are unjustly spying on ordinary individuals and are violating their right to privacy. But is†¦show more content†¦Since 9/11, the United States government and its allies have been actively fighting in what is now called the â€Å"War on Terror†, using military and intelligence forces to eradicate terrorists around the world. After the attacks, the U.S. government poured money into its defense and intelligence programs’ budgets. According to Mortada and Villemez, â€Å"The Coast Guard, TSA, and Border Patrol budgets have all more than doubled since 2001.† Documents leaked by former NSA contractor Edward Snowden reveal that US intelligence agencies are given more than 50 billion dollars a year to operate (Gjelten). The work of the U.S. government to change the way public safety is handled to fit into today’s globalized society has had a huge impact on the safety of American citizens in the aftermath of 9/11, and consequently on governments and the safety of people around the world. Evidence shows that government efforts to stop terror plots in the United States alone have paid off. Since 2001, there have been sixty publicly known attempted terrorist attacks on the U.S., and fifty-six have been successfully thwarted (Carafano and Zuckerman). These plots could not have been sto pped without the help of the NSA and other intelligence agencies collecting valuable information through phone service providers and tech companies. This proves that having a powerful intelligence network with the ability to monitor the once-private activities ofShow MoreRelatedCommunity Policing : A New Partnership Between The Police And The Community1285 Words   |  6 PagesCommunity policing is now widely spread around the world due to its overwhelming popularity and effectiveness. This policing model is even being â€Å"sold† as perhaps the best policing model for modern society. Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux define community policing as â€Å"a philosophical and an organizational strategy that promotes a new partnership between the people and their police† (Trojanowicz and Bucqueroux p.6). The central idea of such policing is to create a sustainable partnership between the policeRead MoreThe End Of World War1303 Words   |  6 PagesThe end of World War Two was th e beginning of the Cold war. The United States and the Soviet Union emerged from this terrible time in World History with totally different economic and political goals and ambitions. The Cold War was a state of political, military and economic hostility that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union. The ideological differences between the two superpowers, because there was no large-scale fighting directly between the two sides, the world â€Å"cold’ wasRead MoreMarie Antoinette s Influence On The French Revolution1417 Words   |  6 Pagesexisting norms and represented the qualities of a modern woman by engaging herself in the politics and state affairs. Denunciation of Marie-Antoinette’s friendship with the above mentioned aristocratic lady contributed to the growth of false accusations made for attacking publicly active women. As Roulston explained the females who were unable to distance themselves from political affairs and sexuality should be pu nished whilst those who can separate in a distance hidden from the public are the virtuousRead MoreThe Debate On Nuclear Energy1800 Words   |  8 Pagesacademics, researchers and NGO’s. The threats that accompany the thought of the deal are not just environmental. The nuclear deal has incited response from political, economical and ethical realms. In this essay, I will assume the role of an advisor to government, suggesting ways to promote and ‘sell’ the idea of bringing nuclear energy to South Africa. To form and provide a proper response to block threats and emphasise strengths, I will analyse the background and provide context of how the deal came toRead MoreJulian Assange: The Mystery Behind Wikileaks Essay1813 Words   |  8 Pagesorganization is to create a transparent government; giving everyone an access to the deep secrets of their governments. However, to many Americans, including political satirist Jon Stewart, Wikileaks is â€Å"a none-policy chit -chat; [full of] things we already know† (Stewart). In response, this article will focus on the arguments surrounding Wikileaks and its impact on American society. Although Americans are already cynical about their government and its actions, a transparent government will force the peopleRead MoreA Globalized Society Brings People, Cultures, Markets, and Beliefs Together2643 Words   |  11 Pagesglobalized society creates an increasingly complicated set of forces and factors that bring people, cultures, markets, and beliefs together. The improvement of technology, transportation, and communication means that in the last century businesses, governments, and people are being drawn into greater proximity with one another. As a result, the notion of civil society is slowly being challenged because state borders are no longer ‘containers of society’, meaning that the state is no longer a ‘fixed unitRead MoreA Democratic State Of Unprecedented Model Essay1852 W ords   |  8 Pagessome critics of its undemocratic status. This issue has somewhat cause the estrangement within the EU states. There have been calls for EU to involve its citizen more and more into their decision making. Although considerable efforts are made throughout its history but one might argue that EU could have done more in order to make it more transparent in last half a century. In order to unearth the truth behind the criticism an overview of the legislative institutes and their processes will have to beRead MoreOperation Of Local Government Transparency6394 Words   |  26 PagesOperation of local government transparency in South Sulawesi province A. Jamaluddin STISIP Muhammadiyah Sinjai Abstract Transparency in South Sulawesi Provincial Government has been applied in efforts to achieve good governance. The problems of this research are; (1) how to transparency in local governance, (2) what factors inhibiting transparency in local governance, and (3) what is the right strategy is used in implementing the transparency of the regional administration. This study aims to:Read MoreRight To Information Act Merits And Demerits4025 Words   |  17 Pagesveil of secrecy that has traditionally shrouded activities of government is being progressively lifted and this has had a salutary effect on the functioning of governments in free societies. As a major step in India’s march to becoming, not only the world’s largest, but also the world’s most intense democracy. The Right to Information act has indeed, in one stroke, brought, till recently the unforeseeable, reality, the right of every citizen of India to access information held by or under the controlRead MoreThe Importance Of A Regional Bank May Experience While Moving And Setting Up At Switzerland2313 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Switzerland is considered as among the best expat nations in the world due to its very high standards of living and the fact that it has a multilingual and sophisticated population. This has seen many large multinational organizations and companies set up base in Switzerland in cities like Zurich. Due to this expansion strategies by large organizations willingly to expand all over the world, many regional banks find it necessary to open up offices in various countries such as Switzerland

Consumer behaviour theory Free Essays

In the current state of understanding consumer behaviour attitudes are core concept in gaining knowledge of people’s personalities, behaviour and choices they make. In other words answering the question – â€Å"Why do people do what they do? † Along with beliefs and identity they are main factor impacting on individual’s life since everyday choices are made embracing a certain attitude. Unless marketers try to define and pay attention to the psychological need which is encountered by the holding of an attitude they are in a poor position to predict when and how it will change. We will write a custom essay sample on Consumer behaviour theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now   (Daniel Katz, 1960) This essay will specify the factors and psychological processes that influence people’s needs and their perceptions of various products. Furthermore it will describe how marketers can apply the Functional Theory of Attitudes to understand and influence consumers’ attitudes and buying behaviour. According to Arnould (2004)†An attitude is a person’s overall, enduring evaluation of a concept or object, such as a person, a brand or a service† Attitude formation could happen in different ways and it is continual process which is influenced throughout an individual’s lifetime. Some of the influences are internal such as values and beliefs but many of these influences are external, such as family, school, religion, work, peers and, to an increasing extent, the media. The views for companies are based on associations that they have linked them. The Functional theory of attitudes explains consumers’ reasons for holding or changing their attitudes. Daniel Katz (1960) distinguished four functions differing in what roles they perform for the individual. â€Å"According to functional theory, people form attitudes in order to organize, structure and summarize large amounts of information about an object (Grewal et al. 2004)† (Argyriou, E. , Melewar, T. C. , 2011, pp. 433) The functional theory highlights the idea that attitude change occurs when message and motive match (Katz 1960) and suggests that an individual’s attitude toward an object is largely determined by what â€Å"function† an attitude serves for the individual. The first attitude function – the utilitarian is expressed in achieving desired needs, consumers stay away from brands which are unlikely  to fulfil their needs. Utilitarian appeal contains informing consumers of one or more key benefits that are perceived to be highly functional or important to aimed consumers. The term â€Å"utilitarian advertising appeal†, is a creative approach that highlights the functional features of a product or a brand. The basic principle is the one of â€Å"expected reward† and a lot of the commercials use this function in order to focus on the product performance attributes or its benefits. For example, most of the automobile advertisings are emphasising on the utilitarian features and characteristics. Place satisfaction is the â€Å"utilitarian value (of a place) to meet certain basic needs† (Guest Lee, 1983, p. 234) These needs range from sociability to public services to and the perceived quality of, facilities, or visual appearance (Stedman, 2002,pp. 564) The ego-defensive function in which the individuals protects themselves from getting to know truths about internal feelings or the threats of the external world in order to protect their ego and self-image. (Katz, D. , 1960) Nowadays consumers want to be associated with a particular brand or product. This comes from the fact that they want to build up and keep a particular self-image of themselves in the eyes of their peers. Products which aim to avoid anxiety-producing situations are most likely to be purchased. A perfume is a good example of an ego-defensive aimed product because it is used to rise individual’s self-esteem and position in the society. Advertising this kind of â€Å"tools† emphasises on the social acceptance, confidence, and sexual desirability in order to build a positive attitudes and association with the particular brand. â€Å"You are unique†¦ You are Magnifique! The new Feminine Fragrance. † is the slogan of â€Å"Magnifique† by â€Å"Lancome† flattering ones’ Ego. The value-expressive function is the one from which the individual expresses attitudes which correspond to his personal values and to his concept of himself which brings him satisfaction. This is a central function because it stresses the importance of self-expression, self-development, and self-realization. Consumers could form a product attitude not because of its tangible functions or characteristics, but because of what it says about their personality. â€Å"Places contain symbols of different social categories and personal meanings, and represent and maintain identity on different levels and dimensions. There is no social identity that is not also place-related and thing-related† (Grauman, 1983). The organisation of knowledge function is based upon the individual’s need of order, structure or meaning in their life. Striving for â€Å"ordering their universe† comes from the need of standards or frames when it comes to a new product or confusing situation. The consumer sorts all the messages while ignoring the less relevant information. This could result in positive attitude toward the new brand or the new characteristics of the brand. For example, more information is required when a customer is buying car or the additional policies for a mobile phone contract. In conclusion, attitudes toward brands and products are used to predict preferences among brands, buying intentions, or actual choice behaviour. Measure of brand preferences is not the same as measures of intended or actual choice. Marketers have to consider attitudes toward the act of buying or using a product rather than attitudes toward the product itself. How to cite Consumer behaviour theory, Papers

The Importance Of Animal Testing Essay Example For Students

The Importance Of Animal Testing Essay Research on animals is important in understanding diseases and developing ways to prevent them. The polio vaccine, kidney transplants, and heart surgery techniques have all been developed with the help of animal research. Through increased efforts by the scientific community, effective treatments for diabetes, diphtheria, and other diseases have been developed with animal testing. Animal research has brought a dramatic progress into medicine. With the help of animal research, smallpox has been wiped out worldwide. Micro-surgery to reattach hearts, lungs, and other transplants are all possible because of animal research. Since the turn of the century, animal research has helped increase our life-span by nearly 28 years. And now, animal research is leading to dramatic progress against AIDS and Alzheimers disease. Working with animals in research is necessary. Scientists need to test medical treatments for effectiveness and test new drugs for safety before beginning human testing. Small animals, usually rats, are used to determine the possible side effects of new drugs. After animal tests have proven the safety of new drugs, patients asked to participate in further studies can be assured that they may fare better, and will not do worse than if they were given standard treatment or no treatment. New surgical techniques first must be carefully developed and tested in living, breathing, whole organ systems with pulmonary and circulatory systems much like ours. The doctors who perform todays delicate cardiac, ear, eye, pulmonary and brain surgeries, as well as doctors in training, must develop the necessary skills before patients lives are entrusted to their care. Neither computer models, cell cultures, nor artificial substances can simulate flesh, muscle, blood, and organs like the ones in live animals. There is no alternative to animal research. Living systems are complex. The nervous system, blood and brain chemistry, and gland secretions are all interrelated. It is impossible to explore, explain or predict the course of many diseases or the effects of many treatments without observing and testing the entire living system. Cell and tissue cultures, often suggested as alternatives to using animals, have been used in medical research for many years. But these are only isolated tests. And isolated tests will yield only isolated results, which may bear little relation to a whole living system. Scientists do not yet know enough about living systems or diseases, nor does the technology exist, to replicate one on a computer. The information required to build a true computer model in the future will be based on data drawn from todays animal studies. Primates represent only about 1/3 of 1 percent of animals in research. But during the last half century, research using primates has led to major medical breakthroughs, most notably in the treatment of polio and Rh disease. Vaccines have reduced the cases of polio in the U.S. from 58,000 to one or two a year at present. Scientists are learning how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) works by studying its non-human primate counterpart, the Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in monkeys. The SIV model is useful in testing drugs for AIDS. In addition, the HIV virus survives in certain kinds of monkeys and although it does not kill the animals, it can be removed from them. This may prove useful in testing an AIDS vaccine. Researchers are studying rhesus macaque monkeys to explore ways to reduce multiple organ failure following hypotensive shock, a loss of blood pressure due to loss of blood. Researchers have hypothesized that damage to the organs occur within the first few minutes after blood flow is reestablished, when a certain kind of white blood cell attaches to walls of blood vessels and releases toxic substances. The researchers reasoned that if, just before blood flow is reestablished, a substance that prevents the white blood cells from attaching to the vessel walls were injected into the blood stream, it might prevent the release of their toxic contents and avoid multiple organ damage. It is expected that this new technique will prove effective in human patients. .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f , .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f .postImageUrl , .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f , .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f:hover , .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f:visited , .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f:active { border:0!important; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f:active , .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uabe51d3e97458c3d4670fbeae6511d2f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Freedom In Constitution EssayResearchers are studying obesity in monkeys in hopes of finding a way to control body weight. Scientist are also using monkeys to study Taurine deficiency, which causes vision problems, and zinc deficiency, which causes growth retardation among infants and fetuses. Researchers are currently studying to see whether reduced caloric intake can slow the rate of aging. This effect has already been observed in lower animals, and if it holds true in primates, it would be a strong indication that humans might be able to increase their life spans by eating less. Primates have the same number and relative size of teeth as humans. Macaque monkeys have been studied by dental researchers to link a specific bacterium to the growth of periodontitis, which affects 75 percent of all adults and causes 70 percent of adult tooth loss. A non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug, flurbiprofen, has been shown to be effective in halting the progression of periodontal disease. Since the 1920s, scientists have studied primates in order to understand their ability to communicate. They have discovered that chimpanzees and other apes have the ability to learn and use language. Scientists already have applied their findings toward developing a special language for severely mentally retarded children, as well as young adults with little or no linguistic competence, who cannot learn language as normal children do. People should ensure that an end is not put to progress in animal research. Biomedical researchers know that an animal in distress is simply not a good research subject. Researchers are embarked on an effort to alleviate misery, not cause it. And remember, if we want to defeat the killer diseases that still confront us, such as AIDS and Alzheimers, cancer, heart disease, and many others, the misguided fanatics of the animal-rights movement must be stopped. Think about it, it could some day be your life or your childrens.

Dylan Anderson Essays (833 words) - Ice Hockey, Sports,

Dylan Anderson Freshmen English Process Paper 10/17/14 Word count: 836 Ice Hockey This essay is going to be on how to understand the game of hockey. A game of hockey is divided into three twenty minute time periods that are called periods. Between each period there is a fifth teen minute intermission. In hockey there are several ways a game may end if there is a tie at the end of regulation. The pros use one twenty sudden death period in which the first to score is the winner. In the amateurs they use a shoot out in which five players from each team are selected and allowed to go one on one with the opposing goalie and which ever team scores the most goals after all five members for both teams have taken their shot they are the winners. If there is a tie after this it keeps repeating until a winner is crowned.A team is allowed only six players on the ice at a time. These players consist of a goalie, right and left defensemen, right and left-wingers, and a center. Defensemen stay back towards the blue line so none of the opposing team can get behind them. The wingm en stay towards their respective sides of the net. The center does just that jams the front of the net to either screen (block the view of) the goalie or deflects the shot into the net. The goalie mostly stays in his crease to protect the goal however if he wants he may leave his crease (the light blue area by the net).Because of the speed of the game it is the only sport in which substitutions are allowed to be made while the game is in progress. The pace of a game is so quick that even the pros in top physical condition only have shifts that last from ninety second to two minutes. A defensemen's shift will often be slightly longer then that of a winger or a center.There are three different types of penalties in hockey a minor, a major, and non-contact penalties. Non contact penalties occur when a player hit's the puck from his zone past the red goal line in the other teams zone and a member from his team does not touch it, however the goalie for the opposing team can wave it off a nd keep the puck in play, this is called icing. Another non contact penalty is when a teammate passes the puck to another teammate and it goes over a blue and red line without being touched before crossing both lines this called a two line pass. The last of the non-contact penalties is off sides and this when an opposing team is going into their defenders zone and they pass the blue line before the puck does (the puck has to be the first thing to pass the blue line going into the zone). A minor penalty is assessed when an excessive amount of body or equipment is used to impede the speed or shot of an opponent. The player must then sit in the penalty box for two minutes of play and his team must play a man down (power play). If the opposing team scores during this time the man then can leave the box. A major penalty is given when most often for fighting or a severely violent act, and results in five minutes in the penalty box and return to play. This can also result in a game miscond uct in which the player may not return to the game, but after the five minutes in the penalty box has been served he may be substituted.There are three common shots in hockey: the wrist shot, the slap shot, and the backhand. The slap shot has been timed at more then 100 mph. The slap shot is different from the wrist shot in that the player brings the stick to where it is almost perpendicular to the ice and then brings it down quickly slapping the puck forward. In a wrist shot there is no windup or raising of the stick before the shot, the puck is cradled along the ice and the wrist is then snapped forward often times launching the

Health Behavior and Governmental Influence Essay Essay Example

Health Behavior and Governmental Influence Essay Essay Example Health Behavior and Governmental Influence Essay Essay Health Behavior and Governmental Influence Essay Essay Healthy Living Campaign As from 1800s, public health has become the number one motive to the United States government. Any public matters and rights acknowledge the state as a permitted sector allowed to safeguard the public health and wellbeing. To date, it is the governments responsibility to make sure that the people have access to proper diet as a way of promoting health living in as far as the tobacco and alcohol production is concerned. According to Resnik (2015), several governmental sectors for instance, Food and Drug Administration, the United States Department of Agriculture, the Surgeon General, and the Affordable Care Act. Required to have generated rules that help in steering up the campaign on healthy living through education, and through the laws set to govern both the consumer and the producers. In every set of rules, there are those rules which will seem to be contentious and misleading. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) argue that the state is accountable for safeguarding the public h ealth through making sure that the kind of food being consumed are safe and satisfied by the FDA. Despite the effort, several Americans believe that some of the states hard work destabilizes personal independence hence being able to discover healthy food unattainable. This essay, therefore, concentrates on the rules proposals that argue with obesity. Obesity Obesity is and has been one of the major problems with the Americans. According to World Health Organization (2016), the number of obesity in the World has increased as of 1980. Heart defects and Cancer are among the deadly diseases in the United States with recorded casualties of close to 1,000,000 yearly. In the past year (2014), WHO (2016) confirmed that mature people with over 18 years were diagnosed as being overweight with a percentage of 39% whereas 13% were obese with most children close to 41 million being diagnosed with being overweight. The increased consumption of fatty food, too many carbohydrates, and sucrose are the causative agents as to why the majority of the populace are getting obese and overweight (Resnik, 2015). Mayo Clinic (NY) states that regardless of the incidences of genetic inclinations, environmental involvements, and age-related illness, the majority of these conditions can be controlled through eating well-balanced food and relationship of physical activities. The effort enacted by the government has been related to clinical, behavioral, and educational matters being pushed forward by the Affordable Care Act. Healthcare Cost Report Close to $147 billion covers that populace who are affected with overweight (Finkelstein, 2009). It is, therefore, vital for the government to have a cooling on mitigating costs as much as safeguarding the people against danger. In every year, billions of taxpayers money are directed to health care programs, knowledge, and medical covers. Hence, to disregard the contributing factors those augments expenses and mortify health tend to be unfair to the community and the taxpayers. Food satisfiers are influential in offering information as to what each kind of food contains. Before buying any food product, it is always good to understand the kind of knowledge being passed by the labeling on the food. People have shifted from making their food and packaged food products to readymade food industry or fast food. Hence, many American have opted for this kind of option because they believe it is easily reliable especially if in a hurry. Affordable Care Act In 2010, President Obama initiated the Affordable Care Act. Its aim was directed to reduce the cost of defensive sickness and the rise in child obesity. With the formation of the Affordable Care Act, it has assisted in controlling the spreading of obesity. MyPlate According to the USDA, it urges the public to mind what they consume. Since 1916, food that was meant for children and the methods used to select the food were the prior guidelines that steered healthy living by then hence controlling the outbreak of lifestyle diseases. The government has been trying to revise on the type of food consume by the society resulting in the formation of MyPlate in 2011 which stressed on visual cues. With My Plate, it assists in grasping consumers concentration and rationalizing information contained in its precursors. Under ;MyPlate,; foodstuff with categories of carbohydrates, sucrose, fats, wheat, and cereals have been eliminated and replace with proteins, vegetables, and grains among the rest.; Youth Programs As of 2010 through the help of First Lady Obama, she came up with a movement ;Let;s Move; which was aimed to spread awareness on improving the kind of food being consumed. School-based curriculums played a vital role in imparting the message to the society with the message on the importance of balanced diet. The reason behind the curriculum was aimed at establishing healthy living approach. The United States Department of Agriculture came up with a program called the ;National School Lunch Program; among others, which assisted in providing a balanced diet to the students (USDA).; Promotion of Open and Free information Programs assist in aiming at the endorsement open and free in a sequence that can be spread sparsely to help in public in coming up with assessments, and motivations to the communal action for improved health. The type of information which can influence a bigger group of people is regarded as empowerment.; It allows them to come up with mature choices, which they are conscious about.; Summary Public health is of the utmost importance to the U.S.A government .as such it has come up with laws that help to augment the people;s behavior. The laws are all encompassing, they comprise of laws that regulate individual behavior such as through ensuring proper education to all citizens, laws that govern the agents of behavioral change such as the Food and Drug Administration that governs the safety and efficiency of products that are meant for human and also bolstering public health by ensuring innovation and creativity in manufacture of medical products. Thirdly, there are laws that govern information and socio-economic environments such as ensuring proper labelling of all products. Regulation of Health Behavior The government has also put in place systems that aid it in its role to regulate health behavior. These systems include the governments taxing power. Taxes play a fundamental role in the government;s efforts for it provides the much needed funds that are necessary to carry out activities such as education programs on proper health behaviors, provide public health service and provide services such as proper sanitation its citizens. The patient protection and affordable care act passed by president Obama aims to increase the number of the insured population and lower the costs of accessing proper healthcare to the citizens. This is achieved by offering subsidies and lowering the cost of health insurance while increasing the insurance coverage. In conclusion, public health has become the number one motive to the United States government. Several governmental sectors for instance ;Food and Drug Administration., the United States Department of Agriculture, the Surgeon General, and the Affordable Care Act,; have generated rules that help in steering up the campaign on healthy living through education, and through the laws set to govern both the consumer and the producers. Socio-Economic Stability Improvement The government through come up with ways to effectively ensure that all of its citizens are getting wholesome healthcare. This is by ensuring through education programs that ensure that all the people are well versed with the proper behaviors in order to achieve good health. It is thduty of the government to provide quality and affordable insurance, sanitation and education on appropriate and safe practices.; It is also the government;s duty to minimize potential health risks such ensuring that people acquire safe and quality food and drugs. The government also regulates the manufacture and consumption of potentially unhealthy substances such tobacco and alcohol in order to ensure the general well-being of the nation. This is accomplished through proper legislation. It is through proper nutrition that the general prevalence of some lifestyle diseases such as obesity can be reduced. The government helps to regulate the nutrition by coming up with bodies e.g. the FDA that set the guideline for the proper nutritional safety by regulating the types of food that is safe for human consumption. It also promotes laws that ensure that all products meant for human use satisfy certain standards before they are allowed for public use. The government is a major player in promoting proper health behavior among its citizens. This is because the healthier the citizens are , the more productive they are thus directly improving the whole nations socio-economic stability.

Critical perspective in business psychology( PERSONALITY ) Essay

Critical perspective in business psychology( PERSONALITY ) - Essay Example w it by their nature which is in an ever-changing state of psychological needs but their emotions and more so their body changes its shape so as to get itself either psychologically acclimatized with the strenuous tasks one has to go through or through pain indicted on one’s body and mind, for that matter, for a long duration of time. Psychology might invigorate the body’s capacity to exert and thus sustain more pressure while at other times; this can be a totally opposite scenario, leading to some serious ailments attached with the human mind as well as impairments with different body parts. A serious malady related with psychological illness can ultimately lead to death on a patient’s part. The need thus is to address the psychological problem on hand through the measures that are undertaken for the betterment of the sufferer. The psychological endurance can be dealt with an approach that is not taxing on the patient’s body as well as his mind. This coul d mean that his self could be conditioned to a limit that is both tolerable to him as well as a lead up to his betterment in the near future. Therefore psychology is usually defined by many as being the meditation of thoughts, feelings, as well as different kinds of voluntary and non-voluntary and at times involuntary behaviors. It is the prerogative of an individual to comprehend that psychology which is merely a form of science. It depends a lot on the different and diverse methods through which it comes to illustrating as well as predicting and at times controlling the mental and behavioral procedures. It in addition, examines the very same over a wider context. Changing behaviors forces us into delve into the basis with which these are actually fed into human lives. With this it is very fundamental to find out as to what is the actual basis for the behaviors to change in the wake of a person’s doing good or at times, the opposite of it. Similarly, praising a person or blaming for that matter lies a

2.4 Consumer Behaviour & Holidays Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

2.4 Consumer Behaviour & Holidays - Case Study Example The regular elements that basically impact the holiday decision-making process are levels of contribution, situational variables, expectation, sentimentality and fantasizing. Then again, this is altogether different from customary decision-making process that is generally sequenced and organized. In this model, the requirement for a particular administration or item is distinguished and data pursuit and different choices are assessed. The consumer is further headed towards acquiring an item and there in the wake of setting a buying decision (Moore & Simmons, 2010). In the conventional consumer decision-making, the technique for hunting down data is generally organized and it is either outer, interior or both of them. Data gathering process in the holiday decision-making is a continuous and nonstop process. The data is gathered throughout and after the holidays experience and it is generally memory based than outer based. Holiday decision creators are low data searchers and data is ac cumulated in a non-reason way. Then again, in conventional consumer decision-making, get-together data is exceptionally vital and the data is seen as the main impetus in the consumer decision-making process. Under this model, the consumers are sharp data searchers and they complete a genuine research before settling down on a specific item (Weiss & Wenger, 2002). The interviews conducted in the case shows the different behaviour of the two persons who were deciding on going for a trip. The first issue talks about a situation where the decision maker is confused about finally going on a holiday or not in spite of the fact that they had already decided on two destinations for their holiday. This clearly shows a confusion in the decision making process. Thus as a holiday service provider it will be very difficult to assess whether or not to consider them as a consumer. The next scenario talked about is a

Managing Information Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 8

Managing Information Technology - Essay Example Certainly, chargebacks are not for all time the outcome of somewhat IS service provider did or did not perform sometimes mistakes are made by issuer of card, buyers and credit card holders (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009), (Visa., 2011) and (Conde, 2011). Moreover, a chargeback takes place after a consumer contacts their credit-card provider to challenge a charge that emerges on their credit card testimonial. Additionally, the chargebacks can take place due to several causes for instance an illegal agent has performed an acquisition the consumer’s credit card. In addition, there could be some concerns of chargeback wherein a buyer is not pleased with the strength of the IS services. There is another aspect in which consumer has been indicted numerous times intended for the similar order of purchase. In other scenarios a chargeback can take place when the purchaser is displeased by an acquirement and has not been capable to resolve the issue with the trader. Ot her cases may involve when the purchaser has not obtained the purchased products as they were promised by the IS service provider (Brown, DeHayes, Hoffer, Martin, & Perkins, 2009) and (Google, 2011).

Leadership And Change Management At Mcdonalds Commerce Essay

Leadership And Change Management At Mcdonalds Commerce Essay This report is conducted on McDonalds. In 1st section focus on change and resistances to change, real examples of change process and its implementation, scope of change at McDonalds and possible resistances and conflicts to change at McDonalds. The last section provides management role for making effective plan and strategies to implementation of new change in this way minimise the resistance from employees resistances against this change. Table of Contents Section Name of Contents Page no. 1 McDonald Profile 4 2 Change and Resistance to Change. 6 3 Real example of change process and its implementation. 7 4 Scope of Change at McDonalds. 8 5 Resistances and Conflicts to change at McDonalds. 10 6 Recommendations 13 7 Conclusion 16 8 References 17 cDonalds Profile: McDonalds started his business in 1940 with 1st restaurant opened in San Bernardino, California by Richard. It was the result of the thoughts of two brothers, Dick and Mac McDonalds who introduced a new revolutionary restaurant Speedee Service System in 1948 which was established on principles of the modern  fast-food restaurant. Speedee completely replaced with  Ronald McDonalds  by 1967. 1st time used as trademark on the name McDonalds on May 4, 1961, with the description Drive-In Restaurant Services which is still continues until end of June, 2010. The logo trademark on an overlapping, double arched M symbol was introduced in Sep 13 1961. The M double overlapped arched symbol logo was temporarily disfavoured by September 6, 1962. The modern double arched M symbol started in November 18, 1968. (McDonalds , 25 August , 2010 ,http://www.mcdonalds.co.uk ) The list of inventions, the Big Mac in 1968, the Egg McMuffin in 1973, the Happy Meal for children in 1979, or Chicken McNuggets in 1983 .At the present time, McDonalds have more than 31,000 restaurants in 119 different countries of the world of which a lot are franchised. (www.mcdonals.com.uk) McDonalds vision is to become worlds best and quick service experience restaurant for this purpose McDonalds delivering outstanding quality, service, cleanliness, and value, so that we make every customer in every restaurant smile. In mission statements includes best employer or our people in each community around the world, excellent operational for delivery to customers and enduring profitable growth by expanding the brand and leveraging strength of McDonalds through innovation and technology McDonald Corporation ,2010) Change and Resistance to Change: According to Rev. Sharon Patterson that which people want to changes are babies who have wet diapers. We can be explained that change is an effort that consists of actual physical changes to operations and different exciting incentive is really painful process in the workplace (Bernerth, 2004) Change Process Model Though we all know and believe that progress means change, and we all want and need progress, but not even the prospect of attaining profit from change that everyone will ready and willing to hold change. On the other hand, it is widely believed and trust that most would resist change, (Duck, 1993) According to Duck (1993) bluntly he pointed out that change is intensely personal. but according to Petersen (2002) reckons that for many people, the spectre of change produces Factor of Fear, Uncertainty and Doubt. (Peterson, 2002) Since change is widely accepted all over the world as almost always from top management to down and its brings by the management, those people which are only being managed would also always show resist against change, before imposing change or before forward change its duty of manager to make a such type framework which should be overcome over all resistance before implementation. (Peterson, 2002) Resistance to change can be defined as its a perceived behaviour of organization members which are refuse to accept any change within organization. (Cheng Petrovic-Lazarevic, 2004).James Hunt says Resistance isnt an indication that something is wrong with what you are trying to change. It is an indication that something is happening. Ansoff defined Resistance as its only cause of creation unexpected delays, costs and instabilities into the process of strategic change (Ansoff, 1988). Resistance is any employee behaviour trying to stop or delay in any change. (Bemmels and Reshef 1991) Real example of the change process and its implementation. British Airways. Past in 1981, British Airways hired on board of Directors a new chairperson.  When this chairperson joined, he noticed that the company was very unproductive and was wasting a lot of valuable resources in useless activities.  To make the organization efficient and increasing the profit ratio he decided to restructure the entire organization.  He realized that Change Methodology Management Plan is the best way to serve that purpose. (Jean Scheid, 2010) Systematically, the British airways started reducing workforce.  But, before started this, through his change management leadership, the chairman gave the all reasons for the restructuring and privatization of the company in order to prepare them for the future change.  He directed his company through a hard time that could have been terrible without  effective change management resistance communication just only through his Leadership Communication (Jean Scheid, 2010) Scope of the Change at McDonalds. The scope of this change for McDonalds is limited to the application of the Integrated marketing Communication (IMC) as part of the marketing strategy of the McDonalds. In this change, the most important area that had been given attention is the advertising and promotional campaign of the company.   Usually, advertisement or promotional activities are concerned as an open sponsorship of offering products, services and any ideas through the use of any mode of communication. In this purpose, there are different kinds of mode of communication or media which are use for advertising and promotional campaign. Basically, in this new Integrated marketing Communication (IMC) theme will be major focus on advertising and sales promotion activities. Particularly this change will give importance to the Integrated Marketing Campaign (IMC) as part of the marketing strategy of the McDonalds. (McDonald Corporation , 2009) Basic aims of Integrated Marketing Campaign to take on a new health-conscious rule that would be constant with the latest trend of health awareness and the growing concern in corpulence among children and target market. In addition, its aim is to  introduce the implementation of a new and separate menu of low fat for children, planned to counter the rising bad publicity being thrown at McDonalds. The company is well known that this new strategy which most concerns with the health of consumer would effectively inform both children and parents regarding the nutritional value of new, McKids Meals, and how these meals are different from the traditional McDonalds meals.  In addition, the implementation of the new innovation namely Integrated Marketing Communication might be able to provide an effective advertising and public relations campaign that would successfully introduce the new McDonalds change to the world. For implementation of this new change in the organization, the company has been able to create a team that would be responsible for all essential matters related this change.(McDonald Corporation, 2009) The major focus of this change would be on the sale promotion and advertising, not only to mention other marketing mix which would be included and participated to make successful this innovation or change. Today McDonalds different kinds of menu for kids had faced different criticism, mostly in terms of its nutritional contents. The Integrated Marketing Communication has been implemented only changing public image towards the McDonalds. We can say Integrated Marketing Communication is a technique for ensuring that a companys mission and vision is included and promoted in every advertisement or promotion that will be happened (McDonald Corporation,2009) According to Forgeson and Green Basically there are three major categories of change resistances are organizational, group and individual. The following are resistance or conflicts faced by McDonalds during implementation of this change: McDonalds employees and customers, McDonalds organizational culture and behaviour. (Mabin, Forgeson Green, 2001) Resistances and Conflicts to change at McDonalds:   1st resistances due to reactions of the McDonalds staff and customers of the company , some employees are in favour of this new change and some are against this new change mean using the Integrated Marketing communication. Managers and some employees only against this change due to fear, they think might be this change instead of resolving problem it will increase the problems of the company. There are not only employees have negative reaction towards this change but also customers are not showing positive reaction towards this campaign so it lead o another conflict in the shape of not positive attitude of customers towards this new change in this way McDonalds cant achieve benefit from this change as whole of the company.   One more resistance against this new change of the company the shortage of qualified personnel in company who assigned the maintaining these tasks to maintaining crew and application of this new marketing change but they are not much professional so this is the conflict in the way of new change. In strategic implementation of the change there are lot of barriers and enablers which are attributed as the main factors for the success or failure of the implemented changes. Barriers may include different resources which are not may be available for the innovation process. These include insufficient financial budget, organizational or stakeholder resistance to change and ineffective used of communication media. One more of the conflicts or resistances that may arise in the implementation of change in an organisation are the absence of support in sustaining the success that can be achieved in the change process. (Cheng Petrovic-Lazarevic, 2004) According to Carlopio Innovation is a social process that should be undertaken in a regular phases and not just a decision event so within McDonalds these forces are the ones attributed which may hinder strategic implementation of the innovation. The company may not be able to implement the Integrated Marketing Communication as part of its marketing strategy lacking of one of these hurdles, or incapability to handle these hurdles effectively, the company may not be able to implement the Integrated Marketing Communication as part of its marketing strategy.(Carlopio, 1998) The difference in culture between the different employees of the organization is another inner conflict. Due to difference in cultures in McDonald in different members of the company so in this way they unable to do work in pleasant environment and in good way and also this cultural leads to create difficulties in the way of implementation of new change in organization. According to Wilkins Dyer the administration and management of the management of McDonalds must be identify and understand those subcultures that might provoke a work environment more or less empowering than the larger organizational system at the time of assessing the interaction between culture and empowerment. (Wilkins Dyer, 1988). Recommendation: In restaurant industry managers play vital role in any change so in this way what McDonalds managers pay specific attention at the time of implementation and initiating change towards reducing possible resistances and achieve better organization performance. Manager is the person who initiating and start the change and employees have to accept and adopt it. Through Effective communication, perception of managers actions, employees attitude and harmonious working situation can be overcome resistances to change and also play important role in attaining better organizational performance. Implementation of Change in the Restaurant Industry Effective communication is the most important components in restaurant industry and played a vital role in the success of organizational operations. Effective communication is very important among the managers and employees and among the employees to employees.Good listening skills are the essential for a successful manager of any organization specially in fast growing fast food industry. Before, after and during the change process managers should carefully listen to the employees opinion and should modify the new change according to the opinion of the employee. For implementation of successful change in organization it is compulsory for manager he should always alert regarding employees reaction towards change. McDonalds Managers should realize that if employees against that change and dont want to cooperate with them so in this way customer service delivery will get worse. Conflict may arise amongst colleagues and managers when employees resist change. In this way employees may not perform well which directly effecting reputation of restaurant and might be it will also become cause of resignation of employees. So befre implementation of new change McDonalds managers listen very carefully arguments of employees and change the situation according the time need and should avoid the create bad environment in which employees proved poor environment for work and end all go for resignation. Not only this but also they should encourage the employees for better service and development of performance of the company as well as the employees.. So there should be a framework for possible improvement in efficient working system and better customer service within a working environment. This framework indicates and encourage to both parties managers and employees should look for a better technique of getting things done. We should clear one thing improvement always goes along with change. If there is no improvement, it means no change in this way restaurant will most likely become sluggish in particular when unforeseen circumstances or events occur restaurants and that time might be it will very difficult to keep pace with competitors. Managers should also provide a pleasant environment to employee for keeping happy to workers and cheerful staff will contribute to higher level of motivation and high performance. High-spirited employees would be able to creation and maintain harmonious working relationship with workmates. Managers should always maintain and keep a lovely pleasant environment for employees to keep them motivated because stressful environments always negatively impact the restaurant (A Paton, R. and Maccalman, J. ,2008) Further more, the success of the new change is still under process and difficult to convert the children attitude towards healthy fast food meals. But at the other hand, there are very strong chance for this success due to strong campaign and promotion activates for prompting the characteristics of the this new change. Furthermore, McDonalds should assure the message has been reached to every child in 119 countries where McDonalds is serving for this purpose help from every type media is the best strategy. There should be a new theme for new advertisement I love it even more! and hopefully this new theme and way of advertisement will inspire the parents and also encourage the childrens towards healthy food. This campaign should be long lasting, strong concerned on healthy characteristics of this new change and should be in friendly way like kiddie-friendly way. If McDonalds carefully make plan and use best strategy and good and effective method for implementation of this new change so there are bright chance of the success of this new change and in this way company can achieve very easily mission and objectives of the company. The most concerned of this company to give image of health conscious which is good match with the latest trend of health conscious measures for this world and also for the future world. Conclusion: According to Beverage the management change leaders must be willing to keep their fingers on the pulse of the organization, by monitoring what is working and what is not working and in the change process.   The management must create s safe environment for changes, reassure, support, and commitment on the organization in order to application the strategy of change effectively and successfully (Beverage (2003) Therefore, it is concluded that, changes of management is not bad until they enhance the competitiveness and power of an industry. If any change implicated through proper planning and investigation so it will be very effective and will also increase the performance of the organization. So organizations should impose the any change at the right time when studies proved that no time of change. Because we dons forget the change management system not only critical and complex but also very sensitive so only one wrong decision of any company in any change might be it push company to in under clouds and prove harmful for organization profit and inspite giving development instead company feel difficult to survive in perfect market. This is strongly recommendation for McDonalds that must see and again and again ensure that future changes are well very planned there implication is very carefully because these changes will be cause of the success /or failure of any company.

Insomnia :: essays research papers

Insomnia Insomnia Almost everyone experiences insomnia now and then. When one believes he must be in bed by a certain time every night or that he needs a certain number of hours of sleep, it may be the very thing that is preventing him from going to sleep (Munson 21). It is unfortunately true that many people still suffer from poor sleep but do not know that there are numerous programs that can help them. Insomnia, which is due to various causes and includes a vaiety of symptoms, can be reduced or eliminated in a number of ways. Stress is one of the main causes in determining insomnia. It is a fact of every day life and can be defined as any event which causes a significant emotional response. Happy occasions such as getting married, promoted, or going on a vacation can cause stress reaction, not only because because participation in the event is occurring but also in the preparation. More obvious events that occur throughout one's life are the loss of a job, a loved one, or the need for surg ery. In such major life changes, the sources of the emotional response is much more easily identified (Shapiro MacFarlane Hussain 49). There are two types of stress: bad stress or negative stress which destroys your ability to operate at capacity, mentally and physically and good stress which improves your performance (Shapiro 49-50). There are different ways to reduce stress. One should try to find a job he really enjoys. It is not the stress of work that wears one out but the stress of frustration and failure. Two big causes of stress on the job are not knowing what is expected and not having adequate facts or tools. Escaping for a while is another method to help eliminate stress. One can visit a friend, go to a movie, or shop. When he returns, he can attempt to cope with the problem. However, it does not help to keep escaping, the individual should try to cope with problems as promptly as they arise (Hauri 111). Even though it is often difficult to make changes in lifestyle, the effort is worth it. Exchanging stress for a sense of control can lift a heavy weight from one's shoulders. The more control one has over his life during the day, the more likely it is that his night time sleep will become satisfying again (Hauri 113).

Ethnic Groups and Discrimination Essay

I belong to the White ethnic group which was responsible for the colonization of North America. While I am part of the White ethnic group, my family immigrated to the United States from Germany quite some time after the major colonization of North America. When most people think about the colonization of North America they think of White people on the Mayflower landing on Plymouth Rock. While the pilgrims did colonize what is now referred to as New England, the Spanish were actually the first to colonize North America. No matter who first colonized North America, this colonization caused an influx of immigrants that asserted their dominance over the native people. This colonization was also the root cause of slavery being introduced to this â€Å"New World†. Pilgrims are most notably identified as coming to North America to escape religious persecution. The ironic part of the colonization is that the pilgrims forced their religion on those native to North America. It is important to note that this may be one of the first indications of future ethnic and racial problems that would caused by the colonization of North America. I don’t think people normally think about racism happening to Caucasians. Unfortunately it is very common for racism to happen to all ethnic groups in the U. S. Caucasian racism and prejudice against other ethnic and racial groups always seem to get the most publicity. It would be better to broaden our view of prejudice and racism so that we could get the whole story. I think that the Caucasian group had brought most of this negative attention on itself. Historically the U. S. has been dominated by Caucasians, which means this group doesn’t have as much to worry about restrictions due to ethnicity or racial group. If we break down the Caucasian group even further we can see that this is even truer for the males, which I am, of this group. Male Caucasians have long been the dominant force in U. S. society. The majority of restrictions placed on females and ethnic groups have been enforced by Male Caucasians. The most notable Caucasian discrimination has been against African Americans. African Americans were largely used for slave labor during the beginning of the U. S. Going from slave to equal isn’t easy, in both occurrence and acceptance from the former dominant or controlling group. This dominant position can be seen as a major reason why the view of discrimination is still focused on Caucasians. Since the Caucasian males of the past have put restrictions on most other ethnic groups, this wrong was attempted to be â€Å"undone† by Affirmative Action laws (Fullinwider, Robert). While most people see Affirmative Action as being helpful, it has also caused discrimination against Caucasian males. Some government agencies require a quota on hiring certain ethnic groups (this included female Caucasians). This can cause a job candidate that has hirer qualifications to be passed over just to fulfill a quota. I have seen this happen to my father while he was applying for a firefighter/EMT position. You can easily see the Caucasian male dominance by noticing the â€Å"dual labor market† effect. I see it more as a â€Å"multiple labor market† since I would also include female Caucasians as another labor market. Immigrants from Mexico often enter into a portion of this multiple labor market, most notably the farming community. Whether it is farming, manual labor, or the lower-end service sector it seems that it seems more acceptable to Caucasians for other ethnic groups to occupy these types of jobs. When the other ethnic groups occupy positions normally held by Caucasian males, we often see a limitation in their ability to progress in that profession (â€Å"glass ceiling†). If you look at the breakdown of people who run companies you will see this is dominated by Caucasians males, followed by males of the other ethnic groups, then females of all ethnic groups. Discrimination isn’t only apparent in the job market, but in how companies invest in certain areas. It is seen in our response to what is happening in other areas of cities or areas of the country. We have slums and â€Å"ghettos† that don’t get investment monies to fix them up due to the lower class segregation. We have other areas occupied by a high number of non-Caucasians that don’t get investments just because of their ethnicity. New Orleans is a perfect example of all of these inequalities. It was a city segregated by race, ethnicity, and social class standing. The devastation caused by hurricane Katrina happened to people who couldn’t afford to get out on their own, and was compounded by the predominantly Caucasian government’s lack of response (arguably due to the racial differences between U. S. leaders and with the people effected by the disaster). I don’t feel that I fit in with the standard culture for my Caucasian ethnic group or the U. S. mainstream culture. I don’t participate in any religions, as I believe in myself and science that can be proved. I don’t feel that I am or need to be â€Å"better† than any other ethnic group. I couldn’t care less about what style is popular or what haircuts are â€Å"in†. I just try to be myself and try to ignore things that try to sway my opinions. Instead of taking someone’s word for something I would rather research and come to my own decision (almost to a fault). I think it is better to be different than a lemming following the crowd running off the cliff. References Fullinwider, Robert (2005). Affirmative Action. Retrieved February 1, 2006 from http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/affirmative-action/.

How Changes in Communication and Technology Affected the Role of the Modern Diplomat The WritePass Journal

How Changes in Communication and Technology Affected the Role of the Modern Diplomat Introduction How Changes in Communication and Technology Affected the Role of the Modern Diplomat ). Kopp and Gillespie (2011) gave a sardonic definition of a diplomat as â€Å"an honest man or woman who is sent to lie abroad to carry out certain tasks for the welfare of his/her country† (p. 3). This definition more or less shows the purpose of a diplomat’s work. Although written sardonically, the statement only conveys an atmosphere of suspicion that has always enveloped the diplomatic profession.   The diplomat represents the interests of his own nation, seeking information that can provide an advantage to his government whilst being protected by international codes and regulations (Barker, 2011). In order to clarify how communication and technological changes have affected the role of the modern diplomat, this brief will first discuss how the diplomat carried out his duties in the past, followed by how these duties and roles have changed now with the advent of such changes. Overview of the Diplomat’s Role A diplomat has certain roles to perform. He must serve as a trained theologian; he must be able to quickly solve the most complex problems in correct dialectical shape, and must be a specialist in civil and canon law, amongst other relevant fields. He has several functions, such as negotiating serious and/or secret agreements, and some of these negotiations aim to prevent the occurrence of wars, while some others provoke such occurrence (Shaw, 2006). The diplomat is sent on a mission where he must represent the sending state and protect its interests in the receiving government. He reports what occurs in the receiving state and fosters friendly relations. Part of his role is to generate diplomatic documents. These documents engender the greatest amount of information about international relations (Jonsson and Hall, 2002). There are also customary functions that he must carry out with the receiving state (Aust, 2005), such as trade promotion cooperation, matters relating to economic, defence, cultural, and scientific concerns, and those relating to terrorism, human trafficking, drug trafficking, and other related issues. Diplomacy is the sort of thing that a nation cannot manage to lose; to the point that even the poorest country would make an effort to afford a modest diplomatic corps (Singh, 2002). Accordingly, when a diplomat pursues a consular function, this task is in keeping with the Vienna Consular Convention and does not forego his diplomatic immunities and privileges. This point is important to stress here since there are some overlapping functions that may take place between consular and diplomatic works, specifically in protecting one’s nationals, given that the consul has limited immunities and privileges compared to the diplomat (Aust, 2005). Performing consular work is part of the role of the diplomat, which is necessary to mention when considering changes in communication and technology. This is because such changes have in one way or another eased up the overlapping functions due to the speedier processes entailed in carrying them out.    How changes in communication and technology affected the role of the modern diplomat The role of the modern diplomat has been greatly affected by changes in communication and technology. The rapid means of communication and transportation has diminished the importance of the modern diplomat. Prior to these developments, the diplomat was allowed considerable discretion in how he dealt with matters that arise on short notice. This is because of the lengthy time it took to communicate with his home government, given the limited available communication channels (Jonsson and Hall, 2002).   With the absence of a previous position of his government, it was the diplomat who shaped policy; he was given enough leeway even in the implementation of policies developed in his country.   In the past, the diplomat had the opportunity to avoid making decisions by doing nothing due to the slowness of events.   During World War II, state leaders did not bother the diplomat (i.e. ambassador) for important things. They could not also telephone or correspond directly to one another (Singh, 2002). The limitation posed by the then not-so-advanced technology has set this kind of environment. Today, the modern conditions characterised by speedy exchange of information paved the way for the disappearance of this opportunity (Batora, 2008). Through mobile devices, internet technology, and other similar devices, the modern diplomat can be instructed conveniently and rapidly on what position he is to take, what he is to say, etc. The advancement of technology has enabled the foreign office to direct and follow almost every detail of negotiations. In similar fashion, national leaders and foreign ministers have enabled themselves to communicate directly in as much as the diplomat is able to communicate to his home government as occasioned by advanced communication technologies. Early technological developments escorted the improvement in air travel, which affected the role of the diplomat. They would often see themselves shunted aside by the sorties that their bosses (presidents and prime ministers) performed in relation to improved air travel, where these chief executives coul d now afford to visit various foreign countries, including their diplomats’ own posts (Singh, 2002). If analysed carefully, one would surmise that the surge in communication and technology has in fact made the whole process of information sharing more rapid and convenient. This would affect the pace and speed in which the home country responds to certain information that reaches its hands. On a positive light, the diplomat is in fact aided by these information channels when relating new information to his government (Cornago, 2013). Members of the media, who in the past had difficulty accessing a foreign country due to limited air travel, have also in effect helped the diplomat in relating news stories that he may have set aside; thereby not putting all the burden of information dissemination on his shoulders. It is like providing the diplomat the opportunity to focus on more important details of his job, such as promoting friendly relations with other nations, performing negotiations, etc. Information dissemination would then become a limited area of his duties as the media enters into the scene in a very active fashion. In Gilboa’s (2000) article, changes in communication has affected the role of the diplomat in such a way   that the media is now playing an important role in contemporary diplomacy, a role that it did not use to play prior to these changes. Officials and journalists often utilise the media extensively to promote negotiations.   The media thus play an active part in contemporary diplomatic processes, which only the diplomat used to undertake prior to all those changes in communication and technology. As social networking sites such as Twitter and Facebook continue to serve as a fresh source of information for political events, diplomats are being encouraged to use social media as a regular part of their jobs to participate directly in political discussions (Paris, 2013). If one wants the latest political news, he needs only to read blogs, follow Twitter, or watch YouTube (Cooper, et al., 2013). Gone are the days that a nation would wait for the diplomat to relate the official information about similar events. Hence, it may be inferred that the enhanced complexity of information flows in diplomatic processes, amongst others, has bridged geographic distances (Batora and Hocking, 2007). The effects of technology are greatly far-reaching so as to transform diplomacy, which is being reinvented gradually for the information age. Through available technology, diplomacy can enable   physical presence in a virtual fashion (Batora, 2008). The United States and the UK have already taken this big stride to digital diplomacy. Those lagging behind are seen to lose influence over time albeit their engagement in private diplomatic communication. Canada lags far behind US and UK although it has recently displayed little interest in utilising social media in its diplomatic functions (Paris, 2013). There are more positive effects of changes in communication and technology in the role of the diplomat. With the advent of globalisation comes the so-called   globalisation of international relations (Lawson, 2002), suggesting new important diplomatic functions due to an increasing awareness about the idea that global problems necessitate global solutions, thereby expanding the scope of the diplomat’s role from merely representing his country. It is worthy of note that globalisation will allow the diplomat to operate in the future at the bilateral and multilateral levels, and the advancing communications technology is seen to conveniently aid such operation by the diplomat (Copeland, 2009). With the aid of changes in communication technologies, diplomats have been transformed as ‘globalisation managers’ who are charged with managing the ‘global village’ (Lawson, 2002). The advancing communication technologies enable the diplomat to perform his dutie s speedily, which can likewise permit him to respond to various   issues right away, such as international terrorism, drug trafficking, and climate change, to name a few. The abounding information, which may be verifiable or not and can be readily accessed anytime and anywhere is marshaled by modern means of communication. The modern diplomat has now a genuine task of inspecting and analysing the content and credibility of all available data and opinions, putting these data in a broader and more profound political context. This can then provide a suitable guideline for decisions by the diplomat’s home country (Bolewski, 2007).   It therefore proves to show that despite the information age in which the modern diplomat functions and in the midst of the available information, the diplomat’s task is to screen this information in terms of truthfulness and credibility. He must not use such information right away in his diplomatic decisions but must scrutinise them instead. Not only do changes in communication and technology expedite the diplomatic process, but they also provide the necessary information to the diplomat as well. It is therefore apparent that structural changes have taken place in the diplomatic environment due to technology and modern means of communication. The acknowledgement of the value of the media to his tasks is considered one of the ways in which changes in communication and technology have affected the role of the modern diplomat. Cooper et al. (2013) even claimed that today’s emphasis in diplomatic work is much more on interaction with the media and language ability, putting a decline to the written skills of the diplomat. Cooper et al. do not however mean this literally, but what they are pointing out is that the media have played an important role in the diplomatic process, to the point that the diplomat must consider interaction with them part of his routine. It must be noted that negotiations and diplomatic missions are two main areas of diplomacy which have been considerably influenced by technology. Virtual negotiations now take place amongst diplomats, in which they reach certain commitments and agreements electronically, such as through voice conversation, video conferencing, and exchange of emails and faxes. Virtual diplomatic missions and virtual   Ministries of Foreign Affairs contribute to enhancing negotiators’ investigative power as they continuously search for information (Batora, 2008). This setting is helpful for diplomats who are engaged in other processes or events and can save themselves so much time and trouble travelling. It also allows poor countries to save much money in travelling since e-negotiations are cost effective. Thus, a diplomat can participate in multiple negotiations and other events that occur simultaneously in geographically dispersed locations (Grech, 2006). On a separate note, this can bring certain risks, such as lack of face-to-face interpersonal relations with fellow diplomats, increased participation expectancy by citizens, susceptibility to attacks, misreading of information, loss of credibility, lack of identity verification in online presence, and delicate maintenance (Grech, 2006). These threats are brought by the online nature of virtual diplomatic missions. The injection of communication technologies in diplomacy has corresponding negative repercussions such as those mentioned because virtual diplomatic missions cannot trade the culture delivered by a physical relationship in an embassy or consulate. Since human factor is of high value to diplomacy, changes in technology will not change the importance placed by the diplomat on personal contacts, feedback mechanisms, and human experience, which all characterise diplomatic procedures (Aneek, 2010). In a virtual diplomatic setting, the diplomat is in fact deprived of developing relationships with fellow diplomats and the citizens, and such deprivation could be unfavourable to certain diplomatic functions such as developing bilateral relations and negotiations. Since interpersonal relations are lacking in virtual diplomacy, it would be difficult to verify identity in this fashion and illegitimate users may exploit this service, leading to adverse results.   Increased vulnerability to attacks therefore puts the virtual diplomacy in a   detrimental situation. Added complexity is thus required since special care must be warranted to ensure clearness and ease of understanding of site navigation . On a similar note, delicate maintenance of mission websites is essential, which a subject specialist must ensure. This subject specialist must be a diplomat also since only a diplomat has the best understanding of the nature and context of information (Grech, 2006). There is also a threat to misinterpret information available in diplomatic mission websites because of the text-based nature of information, which can cause confusion than when such information is presented on a face-to-face basis where diplomats can have an open discussion and active deliberation (Grech, 2006). Conclusion This paper tackles the role of the modern diplomat alongside changes in communication and technology. The diplomat is sent by the home government to a receiving government for purposes of performing certain duties in behalf of the home country. Diplomacy is a process that every nation must carry out in its international relations activities. In the past, a diplomat was tasked to relate news and information in the country where he was posted, and such information can aid his own government in designing certain decisions. This has changed now however; first, due to availability of air travel, and second, because of the prevalence of communication technologies that can enable speedier transmission of information. The modern diplomat no longer holds the banner of bringing news stories and information to his own country since he is outdone by the media in this department. However, he is not involved in a rat race with the media; instead, his daily activities include interacting with the media who aid him in conveying necessary information to the home government and to the world. In the past, he did not incorporate the media to his daily activities. Globalisation, a phenomenon aided by advances in communication technologies, affects the way the modern diplomat performs his role. Alongside ease in communication and information, his role is now seen to expand bilaterally and multilaterally as he faces global issues in his task to manage the global village. The threats posed by changes in communication and technology in the role of the modern diplomat and his adoption of virtual diplomacy are increased participation expectancy by citizens, susceptibility to attacks, misreading of information, loss of credibility, lack of identity verification in online presence, and delicate maintenance. References Aneek, C. (2010). International Relations Today: Concepts and Applications. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley Pvt. Ltd. Aust, SA. (2005). Handbook of International Law. UK: Cambridge University Press. Barker, J. C. (2011). The Protection of Diplomatic Personnel. England: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Batora, J. (2008). Foreign Ministries and the Information Revolution: Going Virtual? Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Batora, J. and Hocking, B. (2007). Bilateral Diplomacy in the European Union: Towards ‘Post-Modern’ Patterns? ECPR/SGIR 6th Pan-European Conference: Turin 12-15 September. Bolewski, W. (2007). Diplomacy and International Law in Globalized Relations. New York: Springer. Carta, C. (2012). The European Union Diplomatic Service: Ideas, Preferences and Identities. Oxon: Routledge. Cooper, A. F., Heine, J., and Thakur, R. (2013). The Oxford Handbook of Modern Diplomacy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. Copeland, D. (2009). Guerilla Diplomacy: Rethinking International Relations. US: Lynne Rienner Publishing. Cornago, N. (2013). Plural Diplomacies: Normative Predicaments and Functional Imperatives. The Netherlands: Koniklije Brill NV, Leiden. Gilboa, E. (2000). Mass Communication and Diplomacy: A Theoretical Framework. Communication Theory, 10 (3), 275-309. Grech, O. M. (2006). Virtual Diplomacy: Diplomacy of the Digital Age [Published Dissertation]. Malta: Faculty of Arts, University of Malta. Jonsson, C. and Hall, M. (2002) .Communication: An Essential Aspect of Diplomacy. 43rd Annual ISA Convention, New Orleans, LA, March 23-27. Kopp, H. W. and Gillespie, C. A. (2011). Career Diplomacy: Life and Work in the US Foreign Service. US: Georgetown University Press. Lawson, S. (2002). The New Agenda for International Relations. Cambridge, UK: The Polity Press. Paris, R. (2013). The Digital Diplomacy Revolution: Why Canada is Lagging Behind? Retrieved on March 19, 2014 from http://opencanada.org/features/the-think-tank/essays/the-digital-diplomacy-revolution/ Shaw, J. (2006). The Ambassador: Inside the Life of a Working Diplomat. Virginia: Capital Books, Inc. Singh, N. N. (2002). Diplomacy for the 21st Century. New Delhi: Naurang Rai for Mittal Publications.

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